Bibliometric insights in advances of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Research situation, hot points, and global trends

Abstract

Background:

Thyroid cancer has been on the rise over the last decade. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) accounts for more than half of all thyroid cancers. Micropapillary carcinoma of the thyroid is a common but non-fatal form of thyroid cancer. To better comprehend, nearly two decades of scientific outputs were analyzed and summarized using bibliometric methods in this study.

Methods:

Approximately 1098 publications from 2000 and 2021 were included in WoS database through systematic retrieval. The general information was characterized, and developmental skeleton and research frontiers were explored. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R, Tableau were used to evaluate and visualize the results.

Results:

A total of 1098 publications from across 75 countries were identified. The annual number of publications showed an increasing trend in the past 21 years. China, Korea, the United States of America (USA), Italy, and Japan made remarkable contributions to the research of PTMC. Thyroid was the most productive journal. Miyauchi Akira published maximum articles. The utmost productive institution was the University of Ulsan. Risk stratification, active surveillance, and thermal ablation garnered the attention of researchers leading to novel approaches in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of micropapillary thyroid carcinoma.

Conclusions:

This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive analysis of global productivity, collaboration, and research hotspots within PTMC field, which will aid in directing research toward PTMC in the coming years.

Introduction

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine tumor globally (1). In 2015, 3.2 million people developed thyroid cancer worldwide, resulting in 31,900 deaths (2, 3). Thyroid cancer ranked ninth in incidence in 2020, with 586,000 cases worldwide (4), a slight increase from 567,000 new cases in 2018 (1), rendering it a substantial public health problem universally. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is the most common thyroid cancer in clinical practice, defined as PTC involving tumors <1 cm in diameter. As a result, PTMC predominates in the context of diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. An increasing number of people are being diagnosed with PTMC with ultrasound technology advancement. Many patients come to the clinic because of thyroid nodules, which can be detected in the physical examination, which help in their diagnosis (5). Cho et al. summarized the clinicopathological and prognostic changes of thyroid cancer in South Korea over the past 40 years. They found that the proportion of PTMC increased from 6.1% in 1962 to about 9% in 1990, to 54% in 2005, and 43.1% in 2009 (6), but there was no significant rise in mortality (7).

Even though many systematic reviews and meta-analysis have thoroughly and explicitly addressed PTMC research, only a few summarized this topic from the perspective of bibliometric analysis or provided the developing trends in this domain. Some studies performed bibliometric analysis but did not provide future trends for PTMC. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a bibliometric network analysis, which would offer an objective measurement in scientific literature and aggregate the opinions of multiple PTMC researchers.

As there was no comparable bibliometric analysis in the research field of PTMC, we applied related tools to systematically and objectively evaluate the research foundation, frontiers, and focus on PTMC.

Methods

Data collection

The data were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database using an advanced search strategy on January 16, 2022. The key topic for retrieval was TS=(“papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid” or “papillary thyroid microcarcinoma” or “thyroid papillary micro-carcinoma” or “papillary microcarcinoma” or “small papillary thyroid carcinoma” or “thyroid micropapillary carcinoma”). The refining method was (1) document type (article and review); (2) language (English) (3); timespan: January 2000 – December 2021. Subsequently, 1098 publications were retrieved that comprised the final literature database set. Each document record included the title, author, keywords, abstract, year, organization, citation, and other relevant information. Since the data were retrieved from a public open-accessed database, ethical permissions were not required.

Data analysis

This study adopted VOSviewer 1.6.17 and CiteSpace 5.8R3 for scientometric analysis, map cooperation networks (authors, institutions, and countries), keyword co-occurrence, and document co-citation clustering. The visualization of these collaborative networks in a discipline was based on the theory of co-citation, which posits that two documents share a co-citation correlation when cited together in another document. Rstudio v1.4.1717 was used to extract various data and draw statistical images for intuitive understanding. Tableau v10.5.0 was used to draw the world map, which represented the number of publications of various countries and regions.

Results

Publication year

According to WoS database search results, 1098 publications and reviews related to PTC were published between January 2000 and December 2021. The number of publications generally increased each year, indicating that PTMC research field gained attention gradually. Specifically, 121 publications were published in 2019, demonstrating the highest publication frequency. In 2000 and 2001, the publication frequency was the lowest, with two and three publications, respectively (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Leading countries and institutions

A world map was drawn to intuitively understand the total number of publications from 75 countries worldwide (Figure 2). North America, East Asia, and Western Europe reached remarkable achievements. China participated in the maximum number of studies; however, Korea’s H, G, and M indexes were the highest, signifying that the research results in Korea were of high quality (Table 1). Furthermore, intensive cooperation was observed among these countries (Figure 3). Among the top 10 research institutions globally, six were from South Korea, three from China, and one from Japan (Table 2). The University of Ulsan was the world’s most productive research institute regarding PTMC research (Table 2 and Figure 4). The top 10 institutions published 17.28% of the papers.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Most active journals and highly cited publications

Academic journals serve as a medium for exchanging and disseminating knowledge in various disciplines. According to data analysis, 296 journals published in PTMC field. The 15 core journals were identified as per Bradford’s law, with focus given to the top ten journals (Table 3): Thyroid, World Journal of Surgery, Annals of Surgical Oncology, Endocrine, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Surgery, Endocrine Pathology, Medicine, Gland Surgery and Frontiers in Endocrinology. The quartile and categories were retrieved from Journal Citation Reports (JCR). Most listed journals were categorized into “endocrinology and metabolism” and “surgery.” Four of the ten magazines located at JCR quartile one were rated as high-quality. The h-index, g-index, and m-index of Thyroid, World Journal of Surgery, and Annals of Surgical Oncology had higher scores than other journals (Table 3). The journals mentioned above were frequently referred to by researchers.

The characteristics, dates, and countries of highly cited publications are listed in Table 4. Four of the publications were from the USA, three from Japan, and three from China, South Korea, and Italy. The most frequently cited publication was “Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-doppler features” with 882 citations. Three of the ten publications explored the practice of ultrasound in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer, discussed the stage and prospect of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System(TI-RADS), the capability of ultrasound in detecting benign and malignant nodules, and the suggestions for treatment (8–10). Two Japanese publications suggested that non-progressive PTMC should be monitored and treated, particularly in the elderly over 60, even with a low probability of disease progression. Three publications focused on the clinical treatment strategy of PTMC, including that PTMC and PTC should be treated with the same treatment strategy, and PTMC patients with obvious lymphadenopathy should be treated with therapeutic lymph node dissection. Prophylactic lymphadenectomy was not helpful in patients without obvious lymphadenopathy. For most patients with PTC, neither extensive surgery nor radioactive ablation reduced the recurrence rate compared to unilateral lobectomy (11–13). An American publication examined the causes of the increased incidence of thyroid cancer concerning electromagnetic radiation, obesity, height, smoking, etc. This study looked into the issue of overtreatment of thyroid cancer and emphasized the importance of patient preference and patient-centered decision-making (14).

Publication distribution among author analysis

In total, 4451 authors participated in PTMC-publications, with each one co-written by 4.05 authors on average. The top ten productive authors were from Asian research institutions, particularly South Korea (Table 5). According to Lotka law, they were regarded as the “core authors” in PTC research field. The top ten authors contributed 251 (22.86%) papers. The top three authors who published a high number of manuscripts were Miyauchi Akira (46, 4.19%), Ito Yasuhiro (44, 4.01%), and Kim Eun-Kyung (23, 2.09%). Kuma Hospital in Japan and Yonsei University in South Korea had most of the PTMC’s top researchers.

Co-occurrence analysis of keywords

In co-occurrence analysis of keywords, 64 terms appeared more than or equal to 30-times and were classified into 5 clusters (Figures 5, 6). Cluster 1 contained 21 keywords that indicated recurrent and prognostic factors of thyroid cancer; frequently mentioned keywords were carcinoma, recurrence, metastasis, prognostic factor, and lymph node metastasis. Cluster 2 included 16 keywords that referred to the management, ultrasound diagnosis, and treatment of micropapillary thyroid carcinoma. Cluster 3, relevant keywords included experience, prognosis, autopsy, and prevalence. Cluster 4, primary keywords included were active surveillance, surgery, increasing incidence, and progression. Cluster 5 pointed to BRAF and other gene expressions; the main keywords included BRAF (V600E) mutation and expression.

Figure 5

Figure 6

Development and Frontier research

Short keyword bursts were used as sensitive indicators to reflect current research trends. A keyword burst graph was generated using CiteSpace that shows the intensity of the burst and the year it started or ended (Figure 7). The following were the initial research directions: autopsy (began in 2000), gland (began in 2000), and papillary carcinoma (began in 2002), which later progressed to the investigation of various surgical treatment methods and diagnosis. Follow-up studies of patients in various research institutions gradually attracted attention towards the research on PTMC, such as experience (began in 2006), papillary microcarcinoma (began in 2005), diagnosis (began in 2005), therapy (began in 2008), surgical management (began in 2008), follow up (began in 2003), and neck dissection (began in 2008). Thyroid cancer screening was questioned (15). New treatments and concepts besides surgery emerged. This trend can be seen in research keywords, for example, risk stratification (began in 2017), active surveillance (began in 2018), increasing incidence (began in 2017), progression (began in 2019), guidelines (began in 2019), radiofrequency ablation (began in 2019), safety (began in 2020), prognostic factor (began in 2014), and efficacy (began in 2020).

Figure 7

Discussion

This study used bibliometrics and visual analysis methods to discuss the research trends and hot spots in PTMC research field from 2000 to 2021. According to this study, PTMC research has shown an increasing trend over the last 20 years, with 2019 being the year with the most published literature.

During the 20 years, 1,098 papers from 75 countries were published. China published the most publications (329), but its h, g, and m indexes were lower than South Korea and the USA. Japan published 73, which was more than publications from South Korea and the USA. It is worth noting that South Korea accounted for five of the top listed research institutions in the number of publications, indicating that South Korea led PTMC research.

Keywords co-occurrence (Figure 5) obtained by VOSviewer 1.6.17 can be used to understand the primary research directions of a field. In this study, there were 2,380 keywords; 64 of them appeared more than 30 times. Cluster analysis classified the 64 terms into 5 clusters.

Cluster 1 was predominantly concerned with disease recurrence. The inconsistency in the risk of recurrence was primarily due to the heterogeneity of thyroid cancer characteristics, including surgical scope, pathological factors, and clinical factors. Therefore, different studies reported different risk factors for recurrence. Age, sex, tumor size, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), multifocality, and lymph node metastasis were all potential risk factors (16–18). First, for the more controversial unilateral PTMC, a recent study revealed that total thyroidectomy was associated with a lower recurrence rate with no significant difference in survival (19). In addition, prophylactic central neck dissection during surgery may reduce the recurrence rate (20). Second, compared to patients with unifocal PTC, multicentric PTC patients were older, had advanced TNM staging, and had a higher recurrence rate (21). Metastatic lymph node ratio higher than 0.44 was linked with an increased risk of locoregional recurrence, mostly in the lateral neck (22). However, tumors smaller than 5 mm were less likely to recur (23).

Cluster 2 was about the application of ultrasound. Ultrasound is one of the main diagnostic methods for thyroid cancer. The following ultrasonic features of thyroid nodules were significantly associated with PTMC: an irregular shape; an aspect ratio of 1; an unclear boundary; blurred margins; internal heterogeneous hypoechogenicity; and microcalcification (24). An ultrasound can diagnose thyroid cancer by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Lyu Yi-jun’s study presented that the malignancy rate of PTMC diagnosed by FNAB was highly consistent with the histopathological diagnosis (88.2% vs. 89.5%) (25). FNAB had 87% sensitivity to PTMC smaller than 5 mm (26). Third, ultrasound is an important method to predict lymph node metastasis (27). However, in Ito Y’s study, the specificity and sensitivity of ultrasound for central lymph node metastasis diagnosis were 99.1% and only 10.9%, respectively (28). Although ultrasound is now routinely revised after surgery, some studies believe that due to the very low recurrence rate of PTMC, monitoring via ultrasound one to two years after surgery may be unnecessary (29).

Cluster 3 was related to the prevalence of PTMC. The incidence of thyroid cancer in South Korea increased dramatically in 2000 and is now increasing by 25% per year. In 2011, approximately 40,568 people were diagnosed with thyroid cancer, and the incidence of thyroid cancer became15 times higher than in 1993 (30). According to Louise Davies’ research, medical imaging technology and diagnostic skills enabled the discovery of many asymptomatic cases of subclinical thyroid cancer (31). A study in Greece found an increased prevalence of PTMC (63.6% of all thyroid cancers) from 2007 to 2016 due to frequent use of FNAB (32). Positive diagnosis and treatment may also increase the patient’s distress, significantly affecting the patient’s subsequent quality of life.

Cluster 4 mainly correlated with active surveillance (AS). Due to the favorable prognosis of PTMC, it has a mortality rate of 0.3%, even in the presence of distance metastasis (33). Since the 1990s, two Japanese institutions, the Kuma Hospital and the Cancer Institute Hospital (CIH), have conducted prospective clinical studies of active surveillance (AS) in low-risk (T1aN0M0) PTMC. These studies show good results, low cancer growth rates, and lymph node metastasis with no deaths during AS (34–37). Active surveillance has been proposed as a first-line treatment for low-risk PTMC because tumors grow slowly, have low mortality and metastasis rate, and are safer and less expensive than surgery (38). However, AS is unsuitable for some PTMC patients, such as those with central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) (11). The disease progression of PTMC during active surveillance varied greatly according to age at onset. People in their 20s and 30s were more likely to develop disease progression than people over 50 (39). An Australian study found that surgery costs the same as 16.2 years of active surveillance (40). Moreover, AS was not recommended in the following conditions: lymph node metastasis, tumors involving or attached to the esophageal or recurrent laryngeal nerves, and age under 20 (41).

Cluster 5 was concerned about BRAF (V600E), which accounts for 60-80% of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and is a prognostic marker for risk stratification in PTC patients (42). Li Fei’s research suggested that BRAF mutations were associated with multifocal thyroid cancer, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, and advanced stages regardless of age (43). However, a recent study by Kim Kwangsoon showed that BRAF mutation is not a risk factor for lateral neck lymph node metastasis (44). In addition to the BRAF gene, TERT promoter mutation has been reported as a newly discovered prognostic PTC gene mutation (45). However, the probability of TERT mutation is low (46). Liu et al. first reported a link between mutations of the TERT promoter and BRAF (V600E) in PTC, and subsequent studies further demonstrated the coexistence of TERT promoter and BRAF(V600E) mutations in thyroid cancers and their association with the most aggressive PTC clinical factors and worse prognosis (47–50).

The keyword co-occurrence (Figure 7) using CiteSpace 5.8R3 exhibited the trending topics in this field, while burst keywords represented the frontier topic. Burst keywords revealed the change of research hotspot. The recent burst of keywords, in particular, indicated underlying trends and possible frontiers in PTMC. It was seen that individual treatment with PTMC will be proposed more in the future, specifically “Risk stratification” and “radiofrequency ablation.”

Risk stratification is important for managing thyroid cancer. Patients with no family history of thyroid cancer or personal head and neck irradiation, no lymph node or distant metastasis at diagnosis, ETE, unifocal micro-PTC, no aggressive histological features (tall-cell, hobnail subtypes), and no vascular invasion were considered low-risk patients (51). Unfortunately, some of these data are available only after surgery. Tumor size is one of the recognized risk factors for thyroid cancer. In addition, there were many factors associated with poor prognosis, such as extensive fibrosis (52), age (more than 55 years) (53), tumor multifocality, and lymph node metastasis at presentation (54).

Thermal ablation (TA) has been widely used and regarded as a safe and effective treatment for low-risk PTMC. There have been many studies related to the safety of TA. In a retrospective clinical trial involving 311 patients, there was no difference in the recurrence rate and disease-free survival rate of low-risk PTMC between TA and lobectomy groups. However, there were significantly fewer patients with postoperative hypoparathyroidism than in the operation group (55). In addition, TA exhibited good efficacy in treating thyroid cancer lymph node metastasis, with a reduced rate of metastatic lymph nodes in 208 patients (412 lymph nodes) of 93%–94% (56). However, using TA in treating PTMC remains controversial, with many opposing voices in China. In a single-center study, 23 patients with thyroid cancer treated with TA underwent surgery again, and five had FNAB results inconsistent with postoperative pathology, demonstrating lymph node metastasis (57). In another retrospective study, 12 patients underwent surgery after TA treatment, with lymph node metastasis in 66.7% (8/12) of patients. Adhesion of post-ablation lesions with strap muscle was observed in six cases. Strap muscle was found to be cauterized in five cases, and notably, the recurrent laryngeal nerve was involved in one case (58). So, lymph node or distant metastasis before and after ablation in patients with primary PTMC is difficult to assess (59).

Guidelines and consensus differ slightly between associations regarding the scope of application of TA for PTMC. The American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines in 2015 and the South Korean Thyroid Radiofrequency Guidelines in 2017 recommend that TA should be employed only in high-risk surgery patients and those who refuse additional surgery (59, 60). The 2018 Austrian practice guidelines do not recommend TA in malignant thyroid nodules (61). In 2018, the Chinese expert consensus proposed the indications for PTMC treatment by TA, but only under very strict conditions. Non-pathological high-risk subtypes, tumor diameter ≤5 mm, no lymph nodes or distant transfer of evidence, and so on are examples of nine items that must be met simultaneously (62). The 2021 European Thyroid Association practice guidelines and the 2021 international multidisciplinary consensus statement suggest that TA should be considered for PTMC patients who are at risk of surgery, have a short life expectancy, have other medical conditions, are unwilling to have surgery, or want to stop AS (63, 64). The international mainstream association guidelines and statements still consider surgery the first choice for PTMC patients. TA is a relatively new technology that has emerged in recent years. After treatment, the follow-up time is insufficient, and the long-term safety and efficacy have not been evaluated.

Limitations

Some deficiencies should be taken into account when interpreting the results of this study. First, the publications were derived solely from the Web of Science Core Collection databases. Second, only English-language publications were included in our analysis. Furthermore, new publications may subsequently be added to the December 2021 queue, but the database was not updated at the time of retrieval. However, this part of the literature was very small and will not cause a large error in the analysis. Despite these limitations, this study reveals the future research trends and hot spots in this field to some extent and uses bibliometrics to sort out this field for later researchers.

Conclusions

To sum up, this study summarizes the global research trends of PTMC. Thyroid was the top productive journal. China has the largest number of publications, and the USA has the most citations. The University of Ulsan of Korea has done a great deal of research in this area and has contributed the most publications. The main research topics were the recurrence and metastasis of PTMC and the application of ultrasound in PTMC. Research frontiers were risk stratification of PTMC, active monitoring, and thermal ablation for PTMC. We believe these findings will provide useful information for researchers to explore PTMC further.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

• 1

  BrayFFerlayJSoerjomataramISiegelRLTorreLAJemalA. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin (2018) 68(6):394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 2

  DiseaseGBDInjuryIPrevalenceC. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet (2016) 388(10053):1545–602. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 3

  Mortality GBD, Causes of Death C. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet (2016) 388(10053):1459–544. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 4

  SungHFerlayJSiegelRLLaversanneMSoerjomataramIJemalAet al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin (2021) 71(3):209–49. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 5

  ZhengXWeiSHanYLiYYuYYunXet al. Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid: clinical characteristics and BRAF(V600E) mutational status of 977 cases. Ann Surg Oncol (2013) 20(7):2266–73. doi: 10.1245/s10434-012-2851-z

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 6

  ChoBYChoiHSParkYJLimJAAhnHYLeeEKet al. Changes in the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of thyroid cancer in Korea over the past four decades. Thyroid (2013) 23(7):797–804. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0329

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 7

  La VecchiaCMalvezziMBosettiCGaravelloWBertuccioPLeviFet al. Thyroid cancer mortality and incidence: a global overview. Int J Cancer (2015) 136(9):2187–95. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29251

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 8

  PapiniEGuglielmiRBianchiniACrescenziATaccognaSNardiFet al. Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2002) 87(5):1941–6. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.5.8504

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 9

  TesslerFNMiddletonWDGrantEGHoangJKBerlandLLTeefeySAet al. ACR thyroid imaging, reporting and data system (TI-RADS): White paper of the ACR TI-RADS committee. J Am Coll Radiol (2017) 14(5):587–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.046

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 10

  ShinJHBaekJHChungJHaEJKimJHLeeYHet al. Ultrasonography diagnosis and imaging-based management of thyroid nodules: Revised Korean society of thyroid radiology consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J Radiol (2016) 17(3):370–95. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2016.17.3.370

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 11

  WadaNDuhQYSuginoKIwasakiHKameyamaKMimuraTet al. Lymph node metastasis from 259 papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: frequency, pattern of occurrence and recurrence, and optimal strategy for neck dissection. Ann Surg (2003) 237(3):399–407. doi: 10.1097/01.SLA.0000055273.58908.19

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 12

  ChowSMLawSCChanJKAuSKYauSLauWH. Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid-prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis and multifocality. Cancer (2003) 98(1):31–40. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11442

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 13

  HayIDHutchinsonMEGonzalez-LosadaTMcIverBReinaldaMEGrantCSet al. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a study of 900 cases observed in a 60-year period. Surgery (2008) 144(6):980–7. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.08.035

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 14

  KitaharaCMSosaJA. The changing incidence of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol (2016) 12(11):646–53. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.110

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 15

  LinJSBowlesEJAWilliamsSBMorrisonCC. Screening for thyroid cancer: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA (2017) 317(18):1888–903. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.0562

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 16

  BesicNPilkoGPetricRHocevarMZgajnarJ. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: prognostic factors and treatment. J Surg Oncol (2008) 97(3):221–5. doi: 10.1002/jso.20935

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 17

  SuhYJKwonHKimSJChoiJYLeeKEParkYJet al. Factors affecting the locoregional recurrence of conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma after surgery: A retrospective analysis of 3381 patients. Ann Surg Oncol (2015) 22(11):3543–9. doi: 10.1245/s10434-015-4448-9

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 18

  MatsuzuKSuginoKMasudoKNagahamaMKitagawaWShibuyaHet al. Thyroid lobectomy for papillary thyroid cancer: long-term follow-up study of 1,088 cases. World J Surg (2014) 38(1):68–79. doi: 10.1007/s00268-013-2224-1

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 19

  MacedoFIMittalVK. Total thyroidectomy versus lobectomy as initial operation for small unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Surg Oncol (2015) 24(2):117–22. doi: 10.1016/j.suronc.2015.04.005

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 20

  SuHLiY. Prophylactic central neck dissection and local recurrence in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a meta-analysis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol (2019) 85(2):237–43. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.05.004

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 21

  LinJDChaoTCHsuehCKuoSF. High recurrent rate of multicentric papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol (2009) 16(9):2609–16. doi: 10.1245/s10434-009-0565-7

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 22

  ChoiSYChoJKMoonJHSonYI. Metastatic lymph node ratio of central neck compartment has predictive values for locoregional recurrence in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol (2016) 9(1):75–9. doi: 10.21053/ceo.2016.9.1.75

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 23

  KuoS-FChaoT-CChangH-YHsuehCYangC-HLinJ-D. Prognostic evaluation of patients with multicentric papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. J Formosan Med Assoc (2011) 110(8):511–7. doi: 10.1016/S0929-6646(11)60077-6

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 24

  LiBZhangYYinPZhouJJiangT. Ultrasonic features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma coexisting with a thyroid abnormality. Oncol Lett (2016) 12(4):2451–6. doi: 10.3892/ol.2016.4999

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 25

  LyuYJShenFYanYSituMZWuWZJiangGQet al. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules <10 mm in the maximum diameter: does size matter? Cancer Manag Res (2019) 11:1231–6. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S189358

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 26

  KimDWParkAWLeeEJChooHJKimSHLeeSHet al. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules smaller than 5 mm in the maximum diameter: assessment of efficacy and pathological findings. Korean J Radiol (2009) 10(5):435–40. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2009.10.5.435

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 27

  JinWXYeDRSunYHZhouXFWangOCZhangXHet al. Prediction of central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma according to clinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule sonographic features: a case-control study. Cancer Manag Res (2018) 10:3237–43. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S169741

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 28

  ItoYTomodaCUrunoTTakamuraYMiyaAKobayashiKet al. Clinical significance of metastasis to the central compartment from papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg (2006) 30(1):91–9. doi: 10.1007/s00268-005-0113-y

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 29

  BaekHJKimDWLeeCYHuhJYSungJYChoiYJ. Analysis of postoperative ultrasonography surveillance after hemithyroidectomy in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A multicenter study. Endocr Pract (2017) 23(7):794–802. doi: 10.4158/EP161723.OR

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 30

  AhnHSKimHJWelchHG. Korea's thyroid-cancer "epidemic"–screening and overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med (2014) 371(19):1765–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1409841

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 31

  DaviesLWelchHG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the united states, 1973-2002. JAMA. (2006) 295(18):2164–7. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.18.2164

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 32

  MarkantesGKTsochatzisSPanagopoulosKMelachrinouMKyriazopoulouVEMarkouKBet al. A shift to more targeted thyroidectomies increased the detection of thyroid cancer and in particular low-risk papillary tumors in southwestern Greece the decade 2007 to 2016. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol (2020) 5(6):1260–5. doi: 10.1002/lio2.504

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 33

  Gonzalez BossoloAGarciaMMGonzalezPJGarciaMVillarmarzoGMartinezJH. A new paradigm in low-risk papillary microcarcinoma: active surveillance. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep (2017) 2017:17–0065. doi: 10.1530/EDM-17-0065

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 34

  ItoYUrunoTNakanoKTakamuraYMiyaAKobayashiKet al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid (2003) 13(4):381–7. doi: 10.1089/105072503321669875

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 35

  SugitaniIFujimotoY. Symptomatic versus asymptomatic papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome and prognostic factors. Endocr J (1999) 46(1):209–16. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.46.209

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 36

  ItoYMiyauchiAKiharaMHigashiyamaTKobayashiKMiyaA. Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation. Thyroid (2014) 24(1):27–34. doi: 10.1089/thy.2013.0367

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 37

  SugitaniITodaKYamadaKYamamotoNIkenagaMFujimotoY. Three distinctly different kinds of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma should be recognized: our treatment strategies and outcomes. World J Surg (2010) 34(6):1222–31. doi: 10.1007/s00268-009-0359-x

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 38

  ItoYMiyauchiA. Active surveillance as first-line management of papillary microcarcinoma. Annu Rev Med (2019) 70:369–79. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-051517-125510

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 39

  MiyauchiAKudoTItoYOdaHSasaiHHigashiyamaTet al. Estimation of the lifetime probability of disease progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid during active surveillance. Surgery (2018) 163(1):48–52. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.03.028

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 40

  LinJFJonkerPKCCunichMSidhuSBDelbridgeLWGloverARet al. Surgery alone for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is less costly and more effective than long term active surveillance. Surgery (2020) 167(1):110–6. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.05.078

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 41

  SugitaniIItoYTakeuchiDNakayamaHMasakiCShindoHet al. Indications and strategy for active surveillance of adult low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Consensus statements from the Japan association of endocrine surgery task force on management for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Thyroid (2021) 31(2):183–92. doi: 10.1089/thy.2020.0330

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 42

  ChoiSYParkHKangMKLeeDKLeeKDLeeHSet al. The relationship between the BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and clinicopathologic factors. World J Surg Oncol (2013) 11:291. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-291

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 43

  LiFChenGShengCGusdonAMHuangYLvZet al. BRAFV600E mutation in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a meta-analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer (2015) 22(2):159–68. doi: 10.1530/ERC-14-0531

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 44

  KimKZhengXKimJKLeeCRKangSWLeeJet al. The contributing factors for lateral neck lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Endocrine. (2020) 69(1):149–56. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02251-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 45

  VinagreJAlmeidaAPopuloHBatistaRLyraJPintoVet al. Frequency of TERT promoter mutations in human cancers. Nat Commun (2013) 4:2185. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3185

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 46

  LiuRLiYChenWCongJZhangZMaLet al. Mutations of the TERT promoter are associated with aggressiveness and recurrence/distant metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett (2020) 20(4):50. doi: 10.3892/ol.2020.11904

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 47

  XingMLiuRLiuXMuruganAKZhuGZeigerMAet al. BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations cooperatively identify the most aggressive papillary thyroid cancer with highest recurrence. J Clin Oncol (2014) 32(25):2718–26. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.55.5094

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 48

  LeeSEHwangTSChoiYLHanHSKimWSJangMHet al. Prognostic significance of TERT promoter mutations in papillary thyroid carcinomas in a BRAF(V600E) mutation-prevalent population. Thyroid (2016) 26(7):901–10. doi: 10.1089/thy.2015.0488

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 49

  LiuXQuSLiuRShengCShiXZhuGet al. TERT promoter mutations and their association with BRAF V600E mutation and aggressive clinicopathological characteristics of thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2014) 99(6):E1130–6. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-4048

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 50

  JinLChenEDongSCaiYZhangXZhouYet al. BRAF and TERT promoter mutations in the aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 653 patients. Oncotarget. (2016) 7(14):18346–55. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7811

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 51

  DuranteCAttardMTorlontanoMRongaGMonzaniFCostanteGet al. Identification and optimal postsurgical follow-up of patients with very low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2010) 95(11):4882–8. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-0762

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 52

  PellegritiGScolloCLumeraGRegalbutoCVigneriRBelfioreA. Clinical behavior and outcome of papillary thyroid cancers smaller than 1.5 cm in diameter: study of 299 cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2004) 89(8):3713–20. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031982

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 53

  TuttleRMHaugenBPerrierND. Updated American joint committee on Cancer/Tumor-Node-Metastasis staging system for differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer (Eighth edition): What changed and why? Thyroid (2017) 27(6):751–6. doi: 10.1089/thy.2017.0102

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 54

  RotiEdegli UbertiECBondanelliMBravermanLE. Thyroid papillary microcarcinoma: a descriptive and meta-analysis study. Eur J Endocrinol (2008) 159(6):659–73. doi: 10.1530/EJE-07-0896

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 55

  LiJLiuYLiuJYangPHuXQianL. A comparative study of short-term efficacy and safety for thyroid micropapillary carcinoma patients after microwave ablation or surgery. Int J Hyperthermia (2019) 36(1):640–6. doi: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1626492

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 56

  DingZChenJChenZZengXZhengPWangXet al. Efficacy and safety of thermal ablation for treating lymph node metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol (2022) 12:738299. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.738299

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 57

  SunWZhangHHeLZhangTWangZDongWet al. Surgery after ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid carcinoma in 21 patients: A retrospective study from a single center in China. Med Sci Monit (2020) 26:e928391. doi: 10.12659/MSM.928391

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 58

  MaBWeiWXuWWangYGuanHFanJet al. Surgical confirmation of incomplete treatment for primary papillary thyroid carcinoma by percutaneous thermal ablation: A retrospective case review and literature review. Thyroid. (2018) 28(9):1134–42. doi: 10.1089/thy.2017.0558

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 59

  HaugenBRAlexanderEKBibleKCDohertyGMMandelSJNikiforovYEet al. 2015 American Thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: The American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid (2016) 26(1):1–133. doi: 10.1089/thy.2015.0020

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 60

  KimJHBaekJHLimHKAhnHSBaekSMChoiYJet al. 2017 Thyroid radiofrequency ablation guideline: Korean society of thyroid radiology. Korean J Radiol (2018) 19(4):632–55. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.4.632

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 61

  DobnigHZechmannWHermannMLehnerMHeuteDMirzaeiSet al. Radiofrequency ablation of thyroid nodules: "Good clinical practice recommendations" for Austria : An interdisciplinary statement from the following professional associations: Austrian thyroid association (OSDG), Austrian society for nuclear medicine and molecular imaging (OGNMB), Austrian society for endocrinology and metabolism (OGES), surgical endocrinology working group (ACE) of the Austrian surgical society (OEGCH). Wien Med Wochenschr (2020) 170(1-2):6–14. doi: 10.1007/s10354-019-0682-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 62

  Thyroid Tumor Ablation Experts Group of Chinese Medical DAssociation, Chinese Association of Thyroid OInterventional Ultrasound Committee of Chinese College oInterventionalists, Tumor Ablation Committee of Chinese College of Iet al. The Thyroid Tumor Experts Group of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Chinese Association of Thyroid Oncology, Interventional Ultrasound Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists, Tumor Ablation Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists, The Society of Interventional Therapy of China Anticancer Association, and The Society of Minimally Invasive Therapy in Cancer of China Anticancer Association. Expert consensus on thermal ablation for thyroid benign nodes, microcarcinoma and metastatic cervical lymph Nodes (2018 edition). Bull Chin Cancer (2018) 27(10):768–73.

  • Google Scholar

• 63

  MauriGHegedusLBandulaSCazzatoRLCzarnieckaADudeckOet al. European Thyroid association and cardiovascular and interventional radiological society of Europe 2021 clinical practice guideline for the use of minimally invasive treatments in malignant thyroid lesions. Eur Thyroid J (2021) 10(3):185–97. doi: 10.1159/000516469.

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 64

  OrloffLANoelJEStackBCJr.RussellMDAngelosPBaekJHet al. Radiofrequency ablation and related ultrasound-guided ablation technologies for treatment of benign and malignant thyroid disease: An international multidisciplinary consensus statement of the American head and neck society endocrine surgery section with the Asia pacific society of thyroid surgery, associazione Medici endocrinologi, British association of endocrine and thyroid surgeons, European thyroid association, Italian society of endocrine surgery units, Korean society of thyroid radiology, Latin American thyroid society, and thyroid nodules therapies association. Head Neck (2022) 44(3):633–60. doi: 10.1002/hed.26960

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar