Abstract
Hybrid nanofluids are new and most fascinating types of fluids that involve superior thermal characteristics. These fluids exhibit better heat-transfer performance as equated to conventional fluids. Our concern, in this paper, is to numerically interpret the kerosene oil-based hybrid nanofluids comprising dissimilar nanoparticles like silver (Ag) and manganese zinc ferrite (MnZnFe2O4). A numerical algorithm, which is mainly based on finite difference discretization, is developed to find the numerical solution of the problem. A numerical comparison appraises the efficiency of this algorithm. The effects of physical parameters are examined via the graphical representations in either case of nanofluids (pure or hybrid). The results designate that the porosity of the medium causes a resistance in the fluid flow. The enlarging values of nanoparticle volume fraction of silver sufficiently increase the temperature as well as velocity. It is examined here that mixture of hybrid nanoparticles (Ag-MnZnFe2O4) together with kerosene oil can provide assistance in heating up the thermal systems.
Introduction
Kerosene oil-based hybrid nanofluids can embellish the thermal characteristics; that is why these fluids have several uses in modern engineering and technology (Upreti et al., 2021; Yahya et al., 2022). The host or base fluid such as kerosene oil also plays an important role in augmentation of the heat-transfer performance rather than the nanoparticles. A combustible hydrocarbon-type liquid often obtained from petroleum can be referred to as kerosene oil, which is also known as paraffin or lamp oil. It is used as jet fuel in jet engines, as lighting and cooking fuel, as aviation fuel, as an oil-based paint, and in corrosion experiments. Due to these characteristics, we have chosen kerosene oil as the host fluid in the current analysis. To prepare the hybrid composition (Ahmad et al., 2021a), nanoparticles of manganese zinc ferrite and silver are mixed in kerosene oil. Silver is a metal or chemical element having the highest thermal and electrical conductivity as compared to other metals. It is usually found in Earth’s crust as a free element. Many substances are made of silver, such as ornaments, jewellery, utensils, solar panels, high-value tableware, and lead, and it is used in stained glass, catalysis of chemical reactions, window coatings, specialized mirrors, zinc refining, gold, and so forth. Manganese zinc ferrites belong to ferrite materials and exhibit high magnetic permeability (Ahmad et al., 2022a). These are widely used in noise filters, choke coils, transformers, and memory devices. Some recent investigations on nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids are discussed in reference articles (Abdal et al., 2021; Ahmad et al., 2021b; Zahid et al., 2021; Ayub et al., 2022; Nisar et al., 2022; Safdar et al., 2022).
Recently, many researchers have evaluated the thermal performance of usual and hybrid nanofluids numerically, theoretically, and experimentally. Dawar et al. (2022) investigated the kerosene oil and water-based hybrid nanofluid flow of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles. The magnetohydrodynamic effect was also taken into account, and the flow was taken over a bi-directional expanding surface. Comparative results of both hybrid nanofluids were established. The hybrid mixture of copper and aluminum oxide particles was prepared to form water-based hybrid nanofluid flow of Cu-Al2O3/water (Zainal et al., 2022). The outcomes of this study revealed that the Nusselt number got reduced when the values of slip parameter increased. Akhter et al. (2022) and Ali et al. (2022) numerically simulated the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid flows using the quasilinearization technique, respectively. Ezhil et al. (2021) presented the analysis of ferrous oxide Fe3O4 and copper (Cu) taking ethylene glycol as the base fluid. Flow was assumed to be fully developed occurring over a stretching sheet. The same work was carried out by Unyong et al. (2022) taking the effects of an inclined magnetic field and partial slip.
Heat transmission and fluid flow in permeable media have gained utmost attention of researchers due to their practical employments. Flow of Williamson nanofluids over a horizontal sheet embedded in a porous medium taking the combined impact of Brownian motion and thermal radiation was studied by Mishra and Mathur (2020). A boundary layer flow involving gyrotactic microorganisms and nanofluids was examined by Elbashbeshy and Asker (2022). The nonlinear velocity caused the stretching of sheets, and the controlling parameters were discussed quantitatively. The characteristics of flow dynamics in porous media and in the presence of nanoparticles have substantial effects on heat-transfer effects (Dastvareh and Azaiez, 2017). In this paper, it was determined that nanoparticles decreased the viscosity distribution monotonically. Flow and heat transfer of ferro-nanofluids through Darcian porous media between channel walls were numerically simulated by Das et al. (2019). The heat-transfer rate at the upper channel wall was noticed to be increasing as compared to the lower wall. Flow of nanoparticles in the presence of peristaltic waves and porous media has been investigated by Kareem and Abdulhadi (2020). They achieved numerical results using the Mathematica 11 program. More recent numerical investigations on nanofluids can be found in Ahmed et al., 2017a; Ahmed et al., 2017b; Ahmed et al., 2018; Ahmed et al., 2020; Adnan et al., 2022a; Adnan et al., 2022e; Adnan et al., 2022f; Adnan et al., 2022b; Adnan et al., 2022d; and Adnan et al., 2022c.
In spite of so much efforts to explore and discover the new energy sources, still, struggle is continued. New types of hybrid nanocompositions are being introduced. The available literature evidently discloses that kerosene oil-based nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids consisting of silver (Ag) and manganese zinc ferrite (MnZnFe2O4) nanoparticles have not been numerically investigated yet. However, our analysis is a first effort to examine the nanocomposition of Ag-MnZnFe2O4-KO. The role of chemical reaction, suction, and porous media is also discussed in both pure and hybrid cases of nanofluids. Numerical solutions are found with the help of finite difference discretization via MATLAB. Thermal systems can manage and maintain their temperature and heat-transfer rate with the help of proposed hybrid compositions, for example, Ag-MnZnFe2O4-KO.
Problem formulation
The nanoparticles of silver (Ag) and manganese zinc ferrite (MnZnFe2O4) are mixed in kerosene oil to form the hybrid nanocomposite of Ag-MnZnFe2O4/kerosene oil. The x- and y-axes are taken in such a way that the fluid flowing along the x-axis and y-axis is vertical to the surface. Figure 1 demonstrates the structure of the extending surface. It is assumed that the fluid is flowing through a porous medium with the effect of chemical reaction.
FIGURE 1
Structure of the geometry.
The model governing equations have the following form (Ahmad et al., 2021c):
The analogous boundary conditions (BCs) are
The suction velocity is denoted by . The notations and represent the temperatures at the surface boundary and away from the boundary. Likewise, the concentrations away from the boundary and at the boundary are respectively represented by and . The surface is stretching with the velocity The hybrid nanofluid is expressed by the notation .
Formation of pure (Ag/KO) and hybrid nanofluids (MnZnFe2O4-Ag/KO)
The hybrid nanocomposite MnZnFe2O4-Ag/KO can be achieved by mixing the nanoparticles of manganese zinc ferrite (MnZnFe2O4) and silver (Ag) in the kerosene oil (KO). Initially, the volume fraction of MnZnFe2O4 () is considered as 0.2 when resolved in the kerosene oil to form the pure nanofluid MnZnFe2O4/KO. Afterward, the particles of Ag () are inserted in this solution, which give rise to the hybrid nanofluids (MnZnFe2O4-Ag/KO). Thermal properties of manganese zinc ferrite, silver, and kerosene oil are specified in Table 1. Further characteristics like specific heat, thermal conductivity, and density (in both cases of nanofluids) are assumed to be the same as those taken by Ahmad et al. (2021d). The notation expresses the silver volume fraction, and is used for the volume fraction of manganese zinc ferrite. The host fluid kerosene oil is represented by f.
TABLE 1
| Properties | () | Kerosene oil (f) | () |
|---|---|---|---|
| 429.0 | 0.145 | 3.9 | |
| 235.00 | 2090.0 | 1050 | |
| 10500.0 | 783.0 | 4700 |
Thermal properties of silver, kerosene oil, and manganese zinc ferrite.
Dimensionless variables
The following dimensionless variables are introduced in order to convert partial differential equations (PDEs) into a dimensionless system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs):
The continuity equation (Eq. 1) is identically satisfied by relation (6), and this relation renovates the system of Eqs. 2–4 in the formwhere
The BCs (5) take the following form now:
Problem parameters
The problem parameters of dimensionless Eqs. 7–9 are identified as follows:
is the Schmidt number
is the suction parameter
is the Prandtl number
is the porosity parameter
is the chemical reaction parameter
The relations for shear stress as well as Sherwood and Nusselt number are given bywhereas the local Reynolds number is given as .
Numerical scheme based on finite difference discretization
Finding the analytical solution of the coupled Eqs. 7–9 may be so much time-consuming as these equations are not only higher-order but also highly nonlinear. However, we require some persuasive numerical technique which could be employed to determine the solution of the problem. Therefore, we adopt a finite difference methodology in order to find the numerical solution of the problem under consideration. The different numerical methods (to solve such types of dynamical problems) that we adopted in our earlier work can be seen in reference articles (Ahmad et al., 2021e; Ahmad et al., 2021f; Jamshed. et al., 2021; Ahmad et al., 2022b). We describe the structure of this methodology in the following flow chart diagram (Figure 2).
FIGURE 2
Flow chart of the numerical method.
Results and discussion
This section depicts the analysis of mono (Ag/kerosene oil) and hybrid (Ag-MnZnFe2O4/kerosene oil) cases of nanofluids. The nanocomposites of silver (Ag) into the kerosene oil give rise to the mono nanofluid, whereas the amalgamation of manganese zinc ferrite and silver produces the hybrid mixture. The effects of physical parameters are deliberated via the graphs and tables. Table 2 portrays a comparison which is found to be in a good correlation with the existing outcomes under limiting cases.
TABLE 2
| Literature results (Khan and Pop, 2010) | Present results | |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 0.9113 | 0.91045 |
| 7 | 1.8954 | 1.89083 |
| 20 | 3.3539 | 3.35271 |
| 70 | 6.4621 | 6.47814 |
Change in heat-transfer rate for different Prandtl numbers when .
We assign fixed values to the parameters such as . The other specified values which have been used in finding the numerical solution are
The change in surface drag and Nusselt number against porosity parameter can be observed from Table 3. An increase in the values of porosity parameter tends to enhance the skin friction, but its effect is to deteriorate the rate of heat transfer. The fluid flow is resisted by the porosity of the medium due to which the velocity of the fluid reduces (see Figure 3). The Prandtl number tends to deteriorate the temperature as shown in Figure 4.
TABLE 3
| Ag/KO | Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO | Ag/KO | Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO | |
| 1.2 | -4.1328499 | -6.8013631 | 9.8973507 | 13.7221408 |
| 2.2 | -4.3509353 | -7.1978370 | 9.8899404 | 13.7081393 |
| 3.3 | -4.5731705 | -7.5998153 | 9.8825911 | 13.6943887 |
| 4.2 | -4.7438059 | -7.9072949 | 9.8770823 | 13.6841633 |
Impact of porosity parameter on and .
FIGURE 3
Variation in velocity with .
FIGURE 4
Variation in temperature with .
Thermal characteristics in either case of nanofluids are affected by the volume fraction of silver nanoparticles. The required outcomes can be attained by suitably taking the volume fractions of nanoparticles. It is comparatively noticed from Figure 5 that the temperature increases rapidly in the case of the hybrid composition Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO rather than the composition of Ag/KO when we increase the volume concentration . In the same way, the velocity of the fluid accelerates quickly in the hybrid case of the nanofluid as pictured in Figure 6. The impact of both volume fraction and the Prandtl number is to escalate the Nusselt number for both pure and hybrid nanofluids (see Table 4).
FIGURE 5
Variation in temperature with .
FIGURE 6
Variation in velocity with .
TABLE 4
| Ag/KO | Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO | Ag/KO | Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO | ||
| 0.0 | 9.6014532 | 13.5632834 | 1 | 1.8078974 | 2.5876586 |
| 0.1 | 10.1558546 | 13.8085327 | 3 | 4.9757331 | 6.8999489 |
| 0.3 | 11.3109163 | 14.3420655 | 5 | 8.1204811 | 11.2517676 |
| 0.5 | 12.6458643 | 15.1546670 | 7 | 11.2068343 | 15.5277464 |
Impact of nanoparticle volume fraction and Prandtl number on .
The variation in temperature and velocity for diverse values of the suction parameter can be examined from Figures 7, 8. Both the temperature and velocity turn toward reduction (in both cases of nanofluids) with the effect of suction. Figure 9 illustrates the influence of the chemical reaction parameter on concentration in either case of the nanofluid. A decreasing trend is noticed in the concentration profile, which shows that the chemical reaction parameter causes a substantial decrease in the concentration.
FIGURE 7
Variation in temperature with
FIGURE 8
Variation in velocity with .
FIGURE 9
Variation in concentration with .
The mass-transfer rate increases with an increase in the values of as observed in Table 6. It has also been deduced from Table 5 that the suction parameter marginally enhances the heat-transfer rate in the case of the hybrid nanofluid Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO rather than the usual case of the nanofluid Ag/KO.
TABLE 5
| Ag/KO | Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO | Ag/KO | Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO | ||
| 0.0 | 1.4868709 | 2.1831767 | 0 | 4.0539553 | 4.0604246 |
| 0.8 | 5.7505953 | 8.0283592 | 5 | 10.5963505 | 4.0604246 |
| 1.6 | 10.4093347 | 14.4429463 | 10 | 14.8876215 | 15.5156646 |
| 2.4 | 15.0452404 | 20.8890408 | 15 | 18.1589037 | 18.8270273 |
Impact of activation energy and chemical reaction on .
Conclusion
Specific rate of heat transfer plays an important role in many engineering systems as it can affect the quality of the product. A certain or specific heat-transfer rate is essentially required in many energy systems, for example, metal expulsion, nuclear system cooling, refrigeration, thermal storage, cooling generator, and so on. The amalgamation of manganese zinc ferrites (MnZnFe
2O
4) and silver (Ag) in kerosene oil can provide assistance in increasing the heat-transfer rate. The main results of this study are listed as follows:
a) The nanoparticle volume fraction of silver () tends to elevate the velocity and temperature of Ag/KO as well as Ag-MnZnFe2O4/KO, which are mono and hybrid cases of nanofluids, respectively.
b) The fluid motion and temperature are reduced due to the suction phenomenon. On the other hand, the surface drag got increased with suction for both cases of nanofluids.
c) The heat-transfer rate is an increasing function of Prandtl number, whereas the temperature is decelerated with the effect of Prandtl number.
d) The concentration profile seems to be falling down with an increase in the chemical reaction parameter.
e) The porosity of the medium resists the flow in either case of nanofluids, for example, the pure or hybrid case.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Funding
The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, Islamic University of Madinah, Ministry of Education, KSA, for supporting this research work through a research project grant under Research Group Program/1/804.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Nomenclature
Density of the hybrid nanofluid
Component of velocity along the -axis
Electrical conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid
Darcy permeability
Suction velocity (where )
Specific heat of the hybrid nanofluid
Component of velocity along the -axis
Rate constant of chemical reaction
Thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid
Stretching/shrinking constant
Kinematic viscosity of the hybrid nanofluid
Temperature of the fluid
Hybrid nanofluid viscosity
Temperature far away from the sheet
Concentration of the fluid
Fixed temperature at the surface
Diffusion coefficient
Concentration far away from the sheet
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Summary
Keywords
manganese zinc ferrite, silver, kerosene oil, Darcy Forchheimer medium, activation energy
Citation
Ahmad S, Ali K, Haider T, Jamshed W, Tag El Din ESM and Hussain SM (2022) Thermal characteristics of kerosene oil-based hybrid nanofluids (Ag-MnZnFe2O4): A comprehensive study. Front. Energy Res. 10:978819. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.978819
Received
26 June 2022
Accepted
21 July 2022
Published
29 August 2022
Volume
10 - 2022
Edited by
Adnan, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Pakistan
Reviewed by
Ali Akgül, Siirt University, Turkey
Siti Suzilliana Putri Mohamed Isa, Putra Malaysia University, Malaysia
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Ahmad, Ali, Haider, Jamshed, Tag El Din and Hussain.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Sohail Ahmad, sohailkhan1058@gmail.com
This article was submitted to Process and Energy Systems Engineering, a section of the journal Frontiers in Energy Research
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.