Risk of Ankylosing Spondylitis in Patients With Endometriosis: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Objectives:

Previous research has shown a possible relationship between endometriosis and autoimmune diseases. However, the relationship between endometriosis and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is lacking. Therefore, we intended to find possible associations between endometriosis and AS using ICD-9 coding data in a population-based retrospective cohort study in Taiwan.

Method:

Data for this retrospective cohort study were collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) between 2000–2012. We collected 13,145 patients with endometriosis and a 78,870 non-endometriosis comparison cohort. Diagnoses of endometriosis and AS were defined by the International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD-9-CM) code for at least 3 outpatients or 1 hospitalization. Propensity score matching by comorbidities, corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usage were done for baseline comparability. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate crude and adjusted hazard ratios.

Results:

The cumulative incidence of AS was higher in patients with endometriosis compared to the non-endometriosis comparison cohort (log-rank test, p = 0.015). The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of incidental AS in patients with endometriosis was 1.61 (95% CI = 1.11 to 2.35) in comparison to the non-endometriosis comparison cohort. An increased risk of AS was also observed in subjects with major depressive disorder (aHR = 5.05, 95% CI = 1.85 to 13.78). Stratified analyses of age subgroups showed consistent results. NSAID users had a lower risk of AS than NSAID non-users (aHR 4.57 vs 1.35, p for interaction = 0.031).

Conclusions:

In this retrospective population-based cohort study, we found a higher risk of AS in patients with endometriosis. We suggest that clinicians should pay attention to the occurrence of AS in patients with endometriosis.

Introduction

Endometriosis is a common benign gynecologic disease with active endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity. Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence rate is about 10–15% of women within the reproductive age bracket worldwide (1). The pathogenesis of endometriosis has not been completely elucidated. Studies have shown that the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis (2). The imbalance of the immune system is associated with invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis of the endometrium. In terms of endometriosis patients, the elevated number of macrophages and increased level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α could provide an inflammatory environment for endometriosis progress; the decreased cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells and elevated concentration of regulatory T cells could decrease immune surveillance and then promote the establishment of endometriotic lesions. Furthermore, Th17 cell subset may also play a role in endometriosis.

A recent meta-analysis has summarized the association between endometriosis and autoimmune diseases from several previous studies (3). Some studies have demonstrated that patients with endometriosis have a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases, namely, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the association between endometriosis and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has never been reported. Endometriosis and AS share the same immunologic characteristics such as TNF-α and Th17 pathway. Therefore, in this study, we designed a retrospective cohort study to investigate the risk of AS in endometriosis women.

methods

Data Source

The research was a retrospective cohort study based on the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), which enrolled almost 99% of the population of 23 million beneficiaries in Taiwan. The database included all insurance claims data, including outpatient visits, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations. One million subjects were sampled from the 23 million beneficiaries, and the data were collected from 1999 to 2013. The sampled database was deidentified, and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chung Shan Medical University Hospital.

Exposure and Patient Selection

The study cohort included newly diagnosed female endometriosis from 2000 to 2012 with ICD-9-CM coding of 617 for outpatient visits ≥3 times or hospitalization ≥1 time in the NHIRD dataset. The index date was set as the date of the first endometriosis diagnosis for the patient. To ensure a new-onset subject, we excluded the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (ICD-9-CM = 720.0) before 2000. The non-endometriosis comparison group was defined with participants who had never been diagnosed with endometriosis from 1999 to 2013.

Outcome

The outcome was the incidence of ankylosing spondylitis, defined by ICD-9-CM coding of 720.0 for at least three outpatient visits or one hospitalization after the index date of endometriosis. The study was followed until the occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis, or 31 December 2013, or withdrawal from the national insurance system, whichever occurred first.

Covariates

The baseline characteristics were matched by age, sex, and co-morbidities, namely, hypertension (ICD-9-CM = 401–405), hyperlipidemia (ICD-9-CM = 272.0–272.4), chronic liver disease (ICD-9-CM = 571), major depressive disorder (ICD-9-CM = 296.2, 296.3), chronic kidney disease (ICD-9-CM = 585), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-9-CM = 490–492, 494, 496), diabetes (ICD-9-CM = 250), coronary artery disease (ICD-9-CM codes = 410–414), cerebrovascular disease (ICD-9-CM codes = 430–438), and cancer (ICD-9-CM = 140–208). Those comorbidities were defined before the index date within one year and at least three outpatient visits or once hospitalized. Additionally, corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usage, defined by a prescription for at least 30 days within the first year, was calculated.

Matching

As shown in Figure 1, 1:6 matching by age and index date was performed between both groups. Then, 1:2 propensity score matching was performed on comorbidities, corticosteroids, and NSAID usage between the two groups to ensure baseline comparability. The propensity score was a probability that was estimated through logistic regression. The binary variables were the endometriosis and non-endometriosis groups. By matching the propensity score, it could balance the heterogeneity between two groups.

Figure 1

Statistical Analyses

To compare the characteristics of the endometriosis and non-endometriosis groups, the Chi-square test for categorical variables and the Student’s t-test for continuous variables were used. The Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to calculate the cumulative incidence of AS and the log-rank test was used to test the significance. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of AS between the endometriosis and non-endometriosis groups, and it was adjusted for age, comorbidities, corticosteroids, and NSAIDs. We made the proportional hazard assumption. The p-value of the time-dependent covariates was 0.771, which satisfied the proportional hazards assumption. The statistical software being used in this research was SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Patient and Public Involvement

This research was conducted without participant involvement. The participants of the retrospective cohort study were not invited to comment on the study design and were not consulted to interpret the results. Participants were not invited to contribute to the writing or editing of this document for readability or accuracy.

Results

Analysis of Comorbidities and Medications in Endometriosis Patients

The characteristics of the enrolled 13,145 patients with endometriosis and 78,870 age-matched comparison cohorts are summarized in Table 1. Compared with the comparison cohort, patients with endometriosis were more likely to have the comorbidities, namely, hypertension (6.3% vs. 4.5%), hyperlipidemia (2.5% vs. 1.8%), chronic liver disease (2.3% vs. 1.4%), major depressive disorder (0.9% vs. 0.5%), COPD (1.2% vs. 0.8%), diabetes (2.7% vs. 2.0%), coronary artery disease (1.3% vs. 0.7%), cerebrovascular disease (0.6% vs. 0.4%), and cancer (2.7% vs. 1.1%), except for chronic kidney disease (0.2% vs. 0.3%). Consistent with the comorbidity analysis, most medications for these comorbidities, including costicosteroids (59.3% vs. 43.6%) and NSAIDs (77.6 vs. 58.8%), were significantly more frequently used in the endometriosis group than in the comparison cohort group.

Cumulative Risk for Ankylosing Spondylitis

In a 14-year follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of AS in the endometriosis patients was significantly higher than that in those of non-endometriosis subjects (Figure 2, p = 0.015). The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis is shown in Table 2. Patients with endometriosis had an increased risk for subsequent AS compared with the non-endometriosis comparison cohort (HR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.35, p = 0.013).

Figure 2

Association of AS With Comorbidities and Medications

An increased risk of AS was observed in patients with major depressive disorder (HR = 5.05, 95% CI = 1.85 to 13.78, p = 0.002). A trend of increased risk was also found in patients with COPD, although the p-value was not significant (HR = 2.92, 95% CI = 0.92 to 9.30, p = 0.069). The application of corticosteroids was associated with a lower risk of AS (HR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.77, p = 0.001), whereas the use of NSAIDs showed an increased risk of AS but not significantly (HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 0.96 to 3.23, p = 0.066).

Stratified Analyses

To determine which endometriosis patients were most susceptible to AS, stratified analyses were conducted in the endometriosis group (Table 3). Patients with endometriosis and aged between 40 and 50 years had a higher risk of AS compared with non-endometriosis patients (HR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.15–3.49, p = 0.014). In patients without the use of NSAIDs, patients with endometriosis had a significantly higher incidence of AS compared with non-endometriosis patients (HR = 4.57, 95% CI = 1.41–14.84, p = 0.011). Moreover, the HR showed a statistical difference between the two groups with or without NSAID usage (p for interaction = 0.031).

The association of endometriosis and ankylosing spondylitis was more prominent at ages 40–49 compared with ages 30–39. The exact mechanism of this age-related association is unknown. One possibility is that at a younger stage, the pathogenesis of AS is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors. While in late-onset AS, hormones and chronic inflammation in the uterus may play more important roles.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a nationwide population-based database to evaluate the relationship between endometriosis and AS. We found a statistically significant association between endometriosis and the risk of AS (HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.09–2.31, p = 0.016). Endometriosis patients without the use of NSAIDs were found to have a significantly higher incidence of AS compared with NSAID users (HR = 4.57, 95% CI = 1.41–14.84, p = 0.011). As such, we infer that endometriosis is probably an independent risk factor for AS.

The underlying mechanism between endometriosis and AS with an increased comorbidity is unclear. We hypothesized several possibilities to explain the mechanism. First, endometriosis and AS are probably related to gene susceptibility. The Killer immunoglobulin-like two-domain short-tail receptor (KIR2DS5) is a key receptor of NK cells that promotes an early immune response to infection. Previous studies indicate that the KIR2DS5 gene is a protective factor against endometriosis and AS (4–6). In a special case, a woman with endometriosis was diagnosed with 13 co-morbidities, including SLE and AS (7). She was found homozygous for rs2476601 SNP of the PTPN22 gene, and heterozygous for both rs27434 and rs30187 SNPs of the ERAP1 gene, which have been proven to be related to AS (8–10). Secondly, both endometriosis and AS are involved in inflammatory responses induced by inflammatory mediators (11–13). For endometriosis, the vigorous inflammatory response will cause endometrial cells to release more chemokines, namely, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-17 (10, 11). Also, increased levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17 could be detected in AS patients (12, 14, 15). Moreover, both TNF-α and IL-17 inhibitors have therapeutic effects on AS (16, 17). Some studies also suggested that anti-TNF-α or TNF-inhibitors can significantly inhibit the progression of endometriosis lesions (18–20).

Patients with major depressive disorder were also associated with an increased risk of AS, with evidence suggesting that inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of major depression (21). Hypotheses such as ‘macrophage theory of depression’ and the ‘cytokine hypothesis of depression’ were proposed to describe a higher expression of IL-1, TNF‐α, IL-6, and IL-8 in patients suffering from depression (22). The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is supposed to be altered in subgroups of depressed patients, resulting in symptoms seen in comorbid depression associated with inflammation such as ankylosing spondylitis. Cytokine blockers may be used to improve clinical outcomes in major depressive disorders (23). Several studies also suggested that AS increases the risk of depressive disorders (24–26). Therefore, major depressive disorder and AS may interact with each other due to immune dysfunction.

Patients with COPD might show a higher risk of AS, with the p-value being around 0.05 (HR = 2.92, 95% CI = 0.92 to 9.30, p = 0.069). Two studies have demonstrated an increased incidence of COPD in patients with AS (27, 28). Our previous study showed that COPD was associated with a higher risk of SLE (HR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.89, p = 0.028) (29). COPD patients could produce autoantibodies that were reactive to those antigens that are also found in many autoimmune diseases (30). All these findings indicate that autoimmunity may be linked to COPD and AS. The effect of smoking on both COPD and AS should be considered, but such information is excluded from the database.

Corticosteroids are associated with many complications, such as osteoporosis and subsequent bone fractures, hypertension, and neuropsychiatric disorders (31). However, our data showed that the cumulative daily dose of corticosteroids for more than 30 days has a lower risk of developing AS (HR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.77, p = 0.001). This is the first study to display the protective effects of corticosteroids on endometriosis patients against the risks of AS. The exact mechanism remains unknown, perhaps because of its anti-inflammatory effects. In comparison, the use of NSAIDs seemed to increase the risk of AS, though without statistical significance (HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 0.96 to 3.23, p = 0.066). Therefore, clinicians are advised to assess the medication effect on AS risk during follow-up of endometriosis patients.

In our study, we also found the association of endometriosis and ankylosing spondylitis to be more prominent in the group aged 40–49 compared with individuals aged 30–39. The exact mechanism of this age-associated memory is still unknown. One possibility is that at a younger stage, the pathogenesis of AS is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors. While in late-onset AS, hormones and chronic inflammation in the uterus may play more important roles. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanistic causes and the correlation between age and disease onset.

There were some limitations to our study. Firstly, endometriosis might be associated with multifactorial factors such as BMI, alcohol use, smoking, family history, and menstrual status, which were not available in our database. Nevertheless, we matched alcohol and smoking-related diseases, including COPD, liver disease, and diabetes, to minimize these limitations. Secondly, laboratory data such as hormone levels and inflammatory markers were not available in this claim-based database. Moreover, the severity of endometriosis was not recorded in this database, but we had matched both groups on steroid and NSAID usage and did stratified analyses to reduce this bias.

However, the strength of our study is the population-based data based on the whole Taiwanese population, which provided enough sample size to minimize selection bias. Furthermore, the follow-up time of this work was 14 years, enabling us to observe the subsequent occurrence of AS, yet further studies are needed to support our findings.

Conclusion

In this retrospective population-based cohort study, we found a potentially higher risk of having AS in patients with endometriosis. NSAID use might reduce the risk of developing AS. Clinicians should pay attention to the risk of AS in patients with endometriosis and possible underlying endometriosis in managing AS patients. Further research may help clarify the possible mechanisms between endometriosis and AS.

Funding

This work was supported by the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (grant number SZSM201602087), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81102266), Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (grant number A2018089), the Shenzhen Science and Technology Project (grant number JCYJ20180504170414637), and the Shenzhen Futian Public Welfare Scientific Research Project (grant numbers FTWS2021006).

Author Disclaimer

Researchers were independent of the funders. All authors had full access to all of the data (including statistical reports and tables) in the study and can take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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