Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technology has enabled the identification of fusion partners of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in non-small cell lung cancer, and various ALK fusion partners have been confirmed. Here, a novel rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST)-ALK rearrangement was identified in an 80-year-old Chinese man with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The patient was prescribed ceritinib and achieved a partial response, which has been sustained for more than 18 months. This is the first report of the RMST-ALK rearrangement, and we showed that a patient with lung adenocarcinoma carrying this rearrangement can benefit from ceritinib treatment; therefore, this is a significant finding in clinical practice.
Introduction
Lung cancer is currently the third most common cancer worldwide (12.3% of all cancer diagnoses) and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality (21.4% of all cancer deaths) (1). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of primary lung tumors (2). Molecular typing is the premise for the implementation of targeted therapy in NSCLC. Commonly mutated genes in lung adenocarcinoma in Eastern populations include EGFR (~60%), KRAS (~11%), and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK; ~2%), and mutations have also been identified in MET (1%), HER2 (~2%), BRAF (~2%), RET (1%–4%), and ROS1 (~2%) (3, 4).
In most ALK rearrangements, one breakpoint of ALK often occurs at intron 19, which results in dissociation of the 3′ end of exons 20–29 from 5′ end sequences. The other breakpoint affects a diverse group of genes that contribute to the fusion oncogene, including a different gene promoter and a series of 5′ exons of variable lengths and properties, which predominantly share the ability to self-associate (5). Numerous fusion oncoproteins have been identified in various tumor types, of which echinoderm microtubule-binding-like protein 4 (EML4)-ALK is the primary fusion product (6). The ASCEND-4 and ASCEND-8 trials determined that first-line ceritinib treatment was efficacious in patients with advanced ALK fusion-positive NSCLC (7, 8). Here, we present our experience with a patient with lung adenocarcinoma with a rare ALK rearrangement who had a remarkable response after ceritinib treatment.
Case presentation
An 80-year-old Chinese man who had a more than 50-year smoking history and occasionally consumed alcohol was admitted to the local hospital in October 2020 because of hoarseness, shortness of breath after activity, decreased activity endurance, and chest tightness. The patient was otherwise in good health and did not have a history of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, pneumonia, tuberculosis, or other infectious disease. In 2007, he had undergone cystectomy for bladder cancer, and a percutaneous urine bag was indwelled for a long period after the operation. The patient underwent a physical examination and a series of auxiliary examinations. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a mass in the middle and lower lobes of the right lung (57 × 35 mm), which was considered central lung cancer with obstructive inflammation and segmental atelectasis, and pericardial metastasis. The pathological report of the puncture effusion smear of the lung tumor under the fiberoptic bronchoscope indicated adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with stage IVA non-small cell lung cancer (T3N2M1), ECOG PS 2. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting 1,267 genes identified a rare novel rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST)-ALK translocation (R5′UTR: A20) and an ALK-intergenic (A19: intergenic) rearrangement (Figure 1A). The immunohistochemical (IHC) results confirmed that the tumor was ALK fusion positive (Figure 1B). Besides, no EGFR mutations and ROS1 rearrangements were found. Based on the genetic test results, the patient was administered ceritinib treatment (450 mg P.0 QD) in November 2020. After treatment, his CEA declined from 13.38 to 4.2 μg/l, and his CA 125 declined from 465.7 to 54.6 U/ml (Figure 2A). Chest CT demonstrated significantly reduced hydropericardium 1.5 months later, confirming a partial response (Figure 2B). As of July 2022, the patient has retained a partial response to ceritinib treatment.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first case of an RMST-ALK rearrangement based on the fusion of the 5′ UTR of RMST and exon 20 of ALK. RMST, a long non-coding RNA, regulates mRNA and protein expression in the cytoplasm and is expressed in cervical cancer and triple-negative breast cancer (9). The RMST-ALK fusion is not currently documented in the COSMIC fusion database (https://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic/fusion) or the Quiver fusion database (http://quiver.archerdx.com/). The IVG view suggests that the RMST-ALK rearrangement may be transcribed in the opposite direction (“antisense rearrangement”). “Non-functional rearrangements” involving the ALK locus have been described, in which the reading frame of one or both genes is disrupted, ALK fuses with non-coding intergenic DNA, or genes are transcribed in the opposite orientation. These “non-functional” rearrangements might indicate ALK fusions by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (10). There are also some guidelines and expert consensus that DNA-seq NGS may identify atypical or intergenic fusions (11). Another case of an antisense rearrangement of ALK was previously reported, in which a complex tripartite rearrangement involving multiple DNA fusion junctions was formed between YY1P2 downstream, EML4, and ALK. This fusion was detected by both FISH and IHC. The authors speculated that a complex structural mutation may have occurred in this region, ultimately producing a codable RNA sequence that generates a functional fusion transcript (12). Through bioinformatics mining and analysis of the raw data, we found that the sample in our case also had other genetic rearrangements: EML4 and RMST fragments were fused to PDCL3 (Figure 1A). This was validated by D5F3 IHC (Figure 1B), indicating that this ALK rearrangement could activate the self-phosphorylation of ALK and trigger its downstream signaling pathways, although the exact mechanism remains to be determined.
The gold standard for detecting ALK rearrangements is FISH or IHC, but neither method can identify a specific fusion form. Therefore, the detection of ALK rearrangements by targeted next-generation sequencing, such as DNA-based and RNA-based NGS, may be a good complementary approach to precisely identify rare or novel ALK fusion variants to guide targeted therapy with ALK inhibitors in patients with NSCLC (13–15). Crizotinib, which was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011, was the first ALK-TKI approved for patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. The second-generation ALK TKI alectinib obtained expedited approval as first-line medication based on the results of the ALEX trial. Ceritinib is also a second-generation ALK TKI and is 20 times as potent as crizotinib against ALK-positive NSCLC, has significant antitumor activity against both crizotinib-sensitive and crizotinib-resistant tumors, and has better efficacy in the Asian population (16). Based on the results of ASCEND-4 and ASCEND-8 studies, the FDA and China National Medical Products Administration approved ceritinib as first-line treatment for patients with advanced NSCLC with ALK fusions in May 2017 and May 2020, respectively. Exploratory analysis of the ASCEND-1 study found that ceritinib was effective in ALK-rearranged NSCLC, including common EML4-ALK V3 and V1 variants, and novel ALK rearrangements, such as CRIM1-ALK and CLTC-ALK. Ceritinib is active against almost all ALK-resistant mutations found in patients pretreated with ALK inhibitors (17). Furthermore, ceritinib was found to be more effective and safe and to comply with treatment when administered with meals at 450 mg. Compared to patients receiving crizotinib, patients receiving ceritinib or alectinib showed better efficacy and had significantly longer progression-free survival (8, 18). Because ceritinib was more economically eligible than alectinib, the patient chose ceritinib for treatment. After 1.5 months of treatment, the CT scan showed that the right lung mass was slightly smaller than before, confirming a partial response. During more than 18 months of follow-up, the patient had no gastrointestinal adverse reactions such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain and was in good living condition. Since RMST-ALK is a novel rearrangement, the mechanism of activation of RMST for this novel ALK rearrangement remains unclear, as dose has its ability to confer drug resistance. Further functional studies and clinical follow-up are required.
In conclusion, we report a novel case of RMST-ALK rearrangement in NSCLC with a durable response to ceritinib. This case may provide valuable information on the reaction to ceritinib of NSCLC patients with RMST-ALK rearrangement.
Funding
This work was supported by the Guangdong Finance Foundation for Industrial Technology Research and Development [grant number 20160907].
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Statements
Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this article are not readily available because of ethical and privacy restrictions. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics statement
Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
GL and QL: supervision, funding acquisition. HL, YD, and BC: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing. YX and JY: formal analysis. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
Authors YD, YX and JY are employed by YuceBio Technology Co., Ltd.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
RMST-ALK rearrangement, non-small cell lung cancer, ceritinib, next-generation sequencing, sensitive
Citation
Li H, Deng Y, Chen B, Xiao Y, Yang J, Liu Q and Lin G (2022) Identification of a novel RMST-ALK rearrangement in advanced lung adenocarcinoma and durable response to ceritinib: A case report. Front. Oncol. 12:913838. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.913838
Received
06 April 2022
Accepted
07 July 2022
Published
01 August 2022
Volume
12 - 2022
Edited by
Alessandra Curioni Fontecedro, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Reviewed by
Giuseppe Bronte, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy; Xiaomin Niu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Fabrizio Tabbò, University of Turin, Italy
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Li, Deng, Chen, Xiao, Yang, Liu and Lin.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Qionghui Liu, liuqhui@mail.sysu.edu.cn; Gengpeng Lin, lingp6@mail.sysu.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
This article was submitted to Thoracic Oncology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.