Abstract
DYRK1A syndrome has been extensively studied primarily with regard to neurologic and other phenotypic features such as skeleton and craniofacial alterations. In the present paper, we aim to highlight unusual anomalies associated with a DYRK1A mutation: a 17-year-old female patient with language and cognitive delay, microcephaly, and an autistic disorder, who was operated upon for spleen torsion with anomalous gut fixation.
Background
DYRK1A is a gene located on the critical region of chromosome 21q22 (1). It codifies for a dual-specificity tyrosine kinase, enrolled in the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues (2, 3) and tyrosine residues in their own loop (3). This protein is expressed in numerous systems and its role is pivotal, especially for neuronal differentiation, neurogenesis, and neurodegeneration (2) through MAP kinase activation. Because of these reasons, the main features of patients with DYRK1A mutations are intellectual disability, language delay, microcephaly, difficulties in feeding and thriving, developmental retardation, and seizures (4) as summarized in Table 1. Other major clinical features comprise autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, and sleeping disorders. Other frequent clinical features are related to craniofacial district and gastrointestinal tract alteration (3). These patients present with typical facial features: “moody” expression, deep set eyes, bitemporal narrowing, narrow nasal root, down-slanted palpebral fissures, dysplastic ears, and micrognathia (5). Associated skeletal malformations are described, such as pectus excavatum, scoliosis, syndactyly, and feet anomalies (6). Optic development is also impaired, and patients often present with strabismus, astigmatism, enophthalmia (7), and optic nerve atrophy (8). Dental anomalies and cardiac defects are described as well (6, 9). Overall, patients affected with DYRK1A mutations experience feeding difficulties, which are responsible for imbalances in weight gain after birth or for short stature (10). Interestingly enough, in the present paper, we report the case of a teenager who was operated upon for a spleen torsion with anomalous gut fixation and who was affected by DYRK1A syndrome.
Table 1
| Feature | Frequency of person w/feature |
|---|---|
| DD/ID | 100% |
| Hypertonia | 12/33 |
| Gait disturbances | 24/45 |
| Speech impairment | 100% |
| Feeding problems | 93% |
| Epilepsy | 65% |
| ASD | 46% |
| Anxiety | 27% |
| Hyperactivity | 10/35 |
| Sleep disturbance | 6/15 |
| Microcephaly | 95% |
| Weight < 2 SD | 49% |
| Short stature | 44% |
| Eye abnormalities | 79% |
| Characteristic facial features | 90% |
| Cardiac defects | 9/48 |
| Gastrointestinal problems | 30% |
| Urogenital anomalies | 40% |
| Musculoskeletal features | 10% |
| Dental anomalies | 6/36 |
Data from van Bon BWM, Coe BP, de Vries BBA, et al. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al. DYRK1A syndrome. Published online March 17, 2015, updated 2021, Table 2.
DD, developmental disorder; ID, intellectual disability; ASD, autism spectrum disorder.
Case report
A 17-year-old female patient affected by DYRK1A syndrome (autosomal-dominant DYRK1A de novo mutation, variant c.95I+5G>A), with language and cognitive delay, microcephaly, and an autistic disorder, presented to us through the emergency department for abdominal distension, retching, and bilious leakage from the gastrostomy tube.
Her past surgical history indicated patent ductus arteriosus ligation, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement plus Nissen fundoplication performed at age 3 for severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) subsequently complicated with diaphragmatic rupture requiring a redo surgery. She suffered from recurrent subocclusive episodes, which were managed with a conservative approach, and several bouts of pneumonia requiring hospitalization.
On admission, the plain film demonstrated signs of intestinal occlusion, and blood samples showed thrombocytopenia and hyperamylasemia. An abdominal CT scan revealed an enlarged twisted pelvic spleen associated with a spiral mesenteric root and a verticalized pancreatic body and tail. The ascending colon was dilated, while the hepatic flexure and transverse colon were stretched, as shown in Figures 1, 2.
Figure 1
Transverse section of patient's CT scan upon admittance, showing whirpool sign of mesenteric vessels and dilated right colon with air-fluid levels.
Figure 2
Coronal section of patient's CT scan upon admittance, showing enlarged spleen located in the pelvis with torsion of splenic vessels and distended right colon.
The patient underwent an urgent laparotomy via median incision upon clinical and radiological evaluation. An enlarged pelvic spleen was found twisted without any signs of ischemia, dragging in its torsion a part of the pancreas. Considering the patient's age and an enlarged spleen bearing a high risk of ab extrinseco intestinal obstruction and recurrent torsion, a splenectomy was performed. Further abdominal assessment led to right colonic volvulus detection due to an absent right colonic fixation. Following its detorsion, the cecum appeared extremely dilated (diameter > 15 cm). Lastly, an extremely long sigmoid colon was found. No other intestinal fixation or position anomalies were found. Taking into consideration all the mentioned findings, an ascending colectomy with ileo-colic latero-lateral anastomosis, together with a sigmoidectomy with a colorectal latero-lateral anastomosis, was performed. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful: an antibiotic prophylaxis, combined with a vaccine plan, was devised as in postsplenectomy care. After 10 days, the patient reached the full feed stage and had regular bowel movement, following which she was discharged.
Discussion
In this short study, we aim to highlight unusual abdominal findings that have never been described in a patient affected by DYRK1A syndrome with a de novo genetic mutation, showing common features as in facial features and brain MRI findings (1).
Our bibliographic search tools included PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline. DYRK1A AND acute abdomen, DYRK1A AND spleen, AND wandering spleen, AND bowel obstruction, AND obstructive episodes, AND abdominal pain were used as medical subject heading (MeSH) terms.
With regard to gastrointestinal features, significant gastro-esophageal reflux and severe constipation have been described in DYRK1A syndrome patients, requiring some of these patients to undergo the gastrostomy placement procedure, which is possibly associated with an antireflux procedure as in our case.
However, no cases of colic and splenic alterations have been reported previously.
Wandering spleen is a condition of congenital or acquired laxity of peritoneal ligaments (11), causing an abnormal spleen position in the abdomen and potential volvulus of the elongated vessels (12) associated with a torsion of the pancreatic tail (13). This is usually asymptomatic and often is an incidental imaging finding (14). In our patient, splenomegaly with associated thrombocytopenia and an altered position (in the lower abdomen) have been recorded for a period of 6 years.
In the course of the Nissen procedure and diaphragmatic rupture repair, no splenic ligament was resected, except for only two short gastric vessels, and no spleen abnormalities in position, rotation, and mobility were described at the time, ruling out the possibility of a postsurgical fixation defect.
A CT scan should be considered in patients with DYRK1A syndrome and presenting with recurrent subocclusive symptoms to better detail the abdominal anatomy.
Molecular studies on animal models have demonstrated the expression of DYRK1A in multiple organs and tissues, both in the embryo and postnatally, with the highest rates reported in the central nervous system (CNS) and heart and the lowest rates in the kidneys, liver, spleen (15) as well as the epithelial layers of the gut, stomach, and skeletal muscle (16). New theories about the dose dependence of DYRK1A in the pathogenesis of various clinical conditions (17) are being developed. It would be an interesting proposition to quantitatively investigate the residual expression of DYRK1A in the causative mutations of DYRK1A syndrome.
Conclusions
Our aim was to highlight the peculiar abdominal anatomy associated with the DYRK1A syndrome phenotype to improve the management of such syndrome-affected patients in an attempt to avoid urgent surgery.
Statements
Data availability statement
The datasets for this article are not publicly available due to concerns regarding participant/patient anonymity. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
FM and MG conceived and designed the analysis. II collected data and wrote the paper. AM and RC contributed to data collection and the provision of analysis tools. II and FT performed the analysis. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
The funding of this article has been covered by Meyer's Children Hospital.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Summary
Keywords
spleen abnormalities, gut abnormalities, DYRK1A, intestinal obstruction, splenectomy
Citation
Infantino I, Tocchioni F, Ghionzoli M, Coletta R, Morini F and Morabito A (2023) Case Report: Gut and spleen anomalies associated with DYRK1A syndrome. Front. Pediatr. 10:936732. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.936732
Received
05 May 2022
Accepted
19 December 2022
Published
18 January 2023
Volume
10 - 2022
Edited by
Jürgen Schleef, Institute for Maternal and Child Health Burlo Garofolo (IRCCS), Italy
Reviewed by
Ernesto Leva, University of Milan, Italy Giovanna Riccipetitoni, San Matteo Hospital Foundation (IRCCS), Italy
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Infantino, Tocchioni, Ghionzoli, Coletta, Morini and Morabito.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: F. Tocchioni francesca.tocchioni@meyer.it
Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Pediatric Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.