Abstract
Background:
The p120-ctn protein, encoded by CTNND1, is involved in intercellular connections and regulates epithelial–mesenchymal transformation. CTNND1 mutations can lead to blepharocheilodontic syndrome (BCDS). Increasing evidence shows that although BCDS mainly manifests as craniofacial and oral deformities, it can also present as congenital heart disease, limb deformities, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Case description:
We report a prenatal case of a major cardiac malformation at 24+3 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound examination revealed a hypoplastic left ventricular, aortic coarctation, and a ventricular septal defect. Genetic analysis of the fetal tissues showed the presence of a novel mutation in CTNND1 (NM_001085458.2: c.566_c.567insG; p.Pro190fs*15), which may lead to premature termination of protein coding, while both the parents harbored wild-type CTNND1. To date, only 15 CTNND1 mutations have been reported in 19 patients worldwide, of which approximately 31% (6/19) had a cardiac phenotype.
Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of fetal complicated cardiac malformations caused by this CTNND1 mutation. Our findings provide new clinical references for prenatal diagnosis and suggest an important role for CTNND1 in early cardiac development.
1. Introduction
Blepharocheilodontic syndrome (BCDS) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease, clinical manifestations of which consist of ectodermal dysplasia, such as eyelid deformity, cleft lip and palate, and abnormal teeth, as well as hypothyroidism, anal atresia, and neural tube defects caused by CTNND1 mutations (1, 2). There are two subtypes of BCDS: BCDS1 (OMIM #119580), caused by CDH1 mutations, and BCDS2 (OMIM #617681), caused by CTNND1 mutations. These two genes may be involved in E-cadherin degradation and lead to BCDS, resulting in two BCDS subtypes with relatively similar phenotypes, both being mainly characterized by craniofacial deformities (3). Compared to the BCDS phenotype in humans, that in animal models can play a role in more extensive developmental abnormalities. For example, abnormal development of teeth, blood vessels, the kidneys, and the pancreas was observed in the Ctnnd1 conditional knockout mouse model (4–6). Therefore, an increase in the number of reported patients with BCDS may enrich the knowledge of the disease phenotype. To date, less than 20 patients with CTNND1 mutations have been reported. Alharatani et al. reported 13 patients with CTNND1 mutations in nine families and expanded the range of phenotypes, with 6 patients presenting with congenital heart disease (CHD) of differing severities (7).
Here, we report a prenatal case of major fetal heart disease. The gene test results from fetal tissue after labor induction indicated a novel CTNND1 frameshift mutation. The findings from this prenatal case provide clinical resources for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling and enrich the reported disease phenotypes and mutation spectrum.
2. Case description
A 25-year-old Han Chinese pregnant woman (first pregnancy) underwent an ultrasound examination at 24+3 weeks of gestation. The ultrasound results of the fetal heart showed a hypoplastic but apex-forming left ventricle, a hypoplastic aortic arch, coarctation of the aorta, and a ventricular septal defect (Figure 1). After induction of labor, fetal autopsy revealed ptosis and no obvious limb abnormalities, and the cardiac diagnosis was confirmed, per the suspicion arising after the ultrasound analysis.
Figure 1
Both parents were healthy and of Han Chinese ethnicity, were not close relatives, and denied a family history of congenital heart disease. They authorized the genetic testing of the fetal tissue to identify the pathogenic factors of this fetal CHD.
3. Diagnostic assessment
3.1. Subjects
We obtained written informed consent from the parents for publication of the clinical data, image map, and genetic mutation data of the fetus. All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the 901st Hospital of the Joint Service of the People's Liberation Army (batch number 202112001).
3.2. Next-generation sequencing
We collected approximately 0.5 cm × 1.0 cm of skin tissue from the inner side of the fetus left leg; genomic DNA was extracted from the tissue samples, fragmented to an average size of 180–280 bp, and then used to create a DNA library according to the established Illumina paired-end scheme. The IDT xGen Exome Research Panel v2 (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, USA) was used for whole-exome sequencing, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The Illumina Novaseq 6,000 platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was used to sequence the genomic DNA with a minimum coverage depth of 10× and a target coverage of 99% (average coverage depth of 110×).
3.3. Genetic analysis
Offline data uses bcl2fastq v.2.20.0 software (Illumina Inc.) for basic call file conversion and demultiplexing. The BWA algorithm was used to align all data with the reference sequence (hg19/GRCh37). ANNOVAR (https://annovar.openbioinformatics.org/en/latest/user-guide/download/) was used to annotate the secondary allele frequencies, and toxicity and protection scores from the public dataset was used to filter and evaluate the possible pathogenicity of the variation. Variation was filtered according to public databases (dbSNP, 1,000 Genomes, and gnomAD), and that reported as pathogenic or possibly pathogenic in the Human Gene Mutation Database (http://www.hgmd.org/) and ClinVar database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/) was retained. Online bioinformatics tools (SIFT, PolyPhen2, and MutationTaster) were used to predict the biohazards of the variation. Candidate pathogenic variants were identified according to the function, variation, and genetic pattern of the genes, and further evaluated according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines (8).
3.4. Sanger sequencing validation
The primers for the exome-coding region of the target gene were designed using the Primer Premier software (version 5.0; Premier Bio-soft International, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The primer sequences for CTNND1 were as follows: F, 5′-CCGGGAGAGACTGCCATAGTTA-3′; R, 5′-CTGTGACACGAGAGACAGTACA-3′. PCR was performed using PCR MasterMix polymerase (Tianjin Biotech, Beijing, China). PCR products were directly sequenced on an ABI 3,500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).
3.5. A novel CTNND1 mutation
We identified a frameshift mutation in exon 6 of CTNND1, namely NM_001085458.2: c.566_c.567insG (p.Pro190fs*15), in the fetal tissue. Both parents carry wild-type CTNND1, which suggests a de novo mutation, but the possibility of low-abundance mutation in chimeric carriers cannot be ruled out. This mutation was not included in the dbSNP, 1,000 Genomes, or gnomAD databases, nor in the Human Gene Mutation Database or ClinVar database. According to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, NM_001085458.2: c.566_c.567insG (p.Pro190fs*15) is a loss-of-function mutation, which may lead to loss of function (PVS1 level). This novel mutation (PS2 level) was confirmed using trio-based exome Sanger sequencing. The frequency of this mutation in the normal population is less than 0.0005 and has not been reported (PM2 level). Therefore, the NM_001085458.2: c.566_c.567insG (p.Pro190fs*15) mutation was classified as pathogenic, with the following rating evidence: PVS1 + PS2 + PM2. Sanger sequencing results confirmed the presence of this mutation in the fetus (Figure 2).
Figure 2
4. Discussion
Fetal CHD is one of the most common birth defects, with an incidence of approximately 4‰–5‰ in newborns (9). Single-gene mutations explain approximately 5% of CHD cases (9–11). In the present study, we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first instance of the prenatal diagnosis of major CHD, characterized by an apex-forming hypoplastic left ventricle, aortic coarctation, and a ventricular septal defect, in a fetus with a novel CTNND1 mutation (p.Pro190fs*15) that could be etiologic.
CTNND1 is located on chromosome 11q12.1, consists of 21 exons, and generates 22 transcripts (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Its encoded protein, p120-ctn, is an Armadillo-repeat protein that interacts with the intracellular domain of E-cadherin, stabilizes the trans-membrane domain of E-cadherin, and plays a role in adhesion and signal transduction between cells (12). In Xenopus laevis, Ctnnd1 is highly expressed in the craniofacial bones and epidermis. In addition, p120-ctn plays an important role in the development of mouse eyelids and teeth (6, 13, 14). The main manifestations of human BCDS2 caused by CTNND1 defects are oral abnormalities, including congenital tooth hypoplasia, retention of deciduous teeth, and delayed eruption of permanent teeth. Abnormal tooth morphology includes small/nail-shaped lateral incisors in permanent dentition and crown cracks in lateral incisors. Eyelid malformations are also characteristic phenotypes and include lower eyelid ectropion, upper eyelid deformity, and ptosis. In addition, some patients present developmental retardation, language retardation, and partial hypoplasia of the genitourinary system and corpus callosum (3, 7, 15, 16). Therefore, CTNND1 is likely involved in different functions.
According to a previous study, BCDS mainly manifests as craniofacial malformations and oral abnormalities (3). However, subsequent studies have shown that CTNND1 might be associated with CHD. In the BCDS cohort reported by Alharatani et al., the incidence of CHD was approximately 46% (6/13), including tetralogy of Fallot, aortic arch hypoplasia, aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and patent foramen ovale (7). Although the role of CTNND1 in structural cardiac malformation remains unclear, it may be related to the development of the neural crest, which plays a crucial role in that of the cardiac diaphragm and valves (17). Indeed, Alharatani et al. showed that p120-ctn is highly expressed in human, mouse, and Xenopus embryonic hearts, and a functional defect in this protein might cause a cardiac phenotype by interfering with Wnt signal transduction in the neural crest (7).
To date, only 15 CTNND1 mutations have been identified in 19 patients. The main types are frameshift and nonsense mutations, with only one splice mutation (Table 1). These mutations are all loss-of-function mutations and may produce a truncated p120-ctn protein. There seems to be no correlation between a CTNND1 genotype and phenotype, which may be explained by the reduced number of reported patients with BCDS caused by CTNND1 defects and the inability to screen them. However, Alharatani et al. observed that if the truncation mutation is located at the C-terminal of p120-ctn, complete cleft lip and cleft palate may appear, as opposed to the phenotype when its location is at the N-terminal regulatory region; therefore, they speculated that truncation mutations at the p120-ctn C-terminal cause a dominant negative effect (7). In agreement with the latter, the CTNND1 p.Pro190fs*15 mutation reported in this study is located at the p120-ctn N-terminal regulatory region, and the fetus did not show a cleft lip or palate.
Table 1
| No. | Variation (NM_00108558.1) | Amino acid variation | Mutation type | Eyelid deformity | Oral abnormality | Congenital heart disease | Neurodysplasia | Other | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | c.606_627del | p.Pro203Leufs*25 | Frameshift | + | + | – | – | Syndactyly | (3) |
| 2 | c.1093C > T | p.Gln365* | Nonsense | + | + | – | – | – | |
| 3 | c.2098C > T | p.Arg700* | Nonsense | + | + | – | – | – | |
| 4 | c.443_444delTG | p.Val148Aspfs*24 | Frameshift | + | + | VSD, ASD, mitral valve stenosis, AAH | – | Scoliosis | (7) |
| 5 | c.443_444delTG | p.Val148Aspfs*24 | Frameshift | + | + | VSD, ASD | Abnormal behavior | Dysplasia of the corpus callosum | |
| 6 | c.1381C > T | p.Arg461* | Nonsense | + | + | – | Autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disorder, hyperactivity disorder, behavioral abnormality | – | |
| 7 | c.1381C > T | p.Arg461* | Nonsense | + | + | VSD, ASD | Autism spectrum disorder | – | |
| 8 | c.2389C > T | p.Arg797* | Nonsense | + | + | – | – | – | |
| 9 | c.1481_1485del | p.Leu494Argfs*5 | Frameshift | + | + | – | – | Limb abnormality, scoliosis, short stature, hyperthyroidism | |
| 10 | c.1481_1485del | p.Leu494Argfs*5 | Frameshift | + | + | – | – | Limb abnormality | |
| 11 | c.1595del | p.Gly531Alafs*6 | Frameshift | + | + | Tetralogy of Fallot | – | Limb abnormality, macroglossia | |
| 12 | c.2598_2601dupTGAT | p.Ser868* | Nonsense | + | + | – | – | – | |
| 13 | c.2598_2601dupTGAT | p.Ser868* | Nonsense | + | + | – | Autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disorder, hyperactivity disorder | – | |
| 14 | c.2702-5A > G | / | Splice | + | + | ASD, pulmonary stenosis, AAH | Autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disorder, hyperactivity disorder | Limb abnormality, short stature, cryptorchidism | |
| 15 | c.2737dupC | p.His913Profs*3 | Frameshift | + | + | VSD | Intellectual disorder | Limb abnormality | |
| 16 | c.2737dupC | p.His913Profs*3 | Frameshift | + | + | – | – | Limb abnormality, coronal hypospadias | |
| 17 | c.1372C > T | p.Arg458* | Nonsense | + | + | – | – | – | (16) |
| 18 | c.1595G > A | p.Gly532Asp | Frameshift | + | + | – | – | – | |
| 19 | c.2489G > A | p.Trp830* | Nonsense | + | + | – | – | – | |
| 20 | c.566_c.567insG | p.Pro190fs*15 | Frameshift | + | NA | VSD, small left heart, ascending aorta, AAH | – | – | Our case |
Clinical phenotypes of patients harboring the CTNND1 mutation.
VSD, ventricular septal defect; ASD, atrial septal defect; AAH, aortic arch hypoplasia; +, occurrence; –, absence; NA, not applicable; *, termination codon.
In summary, we report a prenatal case of complex cardiac structural abnormalities at 24 + 3 weeks of gestation. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed using fetal tissues after labor induction. The results showed a novel CTNND1 frameshift mutation, which may explain the early-onset CHD. We suggest CTNND1 p.Pro190fs*15 as a pathogenic factor leading to fetal CHD, especially in the absence of typical craniofacial malformations or abnormal oral phenotypes. Our findings broaden the CTNND1 mutation and phenotype spectra and reinforce the need for genetic testing at prenatal diagnosis in the face of complex cardiac phenotypes to improve diagnosis rates and genetic counseling during reproduction.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original data presented in the study are included in the article material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: ClinVar database repository, accession number SCV003845184 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/).
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The 901th Hospital of the Joint Service of the People's Liberation Army. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s), and minor(s)' legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
XZ, ZW, MY, and MZ performed the molecular genetic experiments. XZ, XL, ZW, MY, and MZ prepared the clinical and imaging data. WS performed gene and gene database analysis. XZ, ZW, and RT wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study was funded by the Research Fund Project of Anhui Medical University (ID: 2022xkj128).
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the patients and their families for participating in this study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Summary
Keywords
blepharocheilodontic syndrome, mutation, CTNND1, congenital heart disease, prenatal diagnosis
Citation
Zhao X, Li X, Sun W, Wei Z, Yu M, Zhang M and Tian R (2023) Case report: “Major fetal cardiac pathology associated with a novel CTNND1 mutation”. Front. Pediatr. 11:1180381. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1180381
Received
06 March 2023
Accepted
02 May 2023
Published
19 May 2023
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited by
Lisa K. Hornberger, University of Alberta, Canada
Reviewed by
Birsen Karaman, Istanbul University, Türkiye Kevin E. Glinton, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Zhao, Li, Sun, Wei, Yu, Zhang and Tian.
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*Correspondence: Ruixia Tian tianruixia_01@163.com
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.