ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Earth Sci.
Sec. Earth and Planetary Materials
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/feart.2025.1540335
Research on high-temperature graphitization of anthracite using Raman and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy
Provisionally accepted
Pavlo Saik1
Artem Sybir2Igor Vorona3Oksana Isaieva3Volodymyr Yukhymchuk3Volodymyr Trachevsky4Oleksandr Burchak5*Ivan Hubynskyi6
Vasyl Lozynskyi1,7*- 1Belt and Road Initiative Center for Chinese-European Studies (BRICCES), Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
- 2Z.I. Nekrasov Iron and Steel Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine
- 3V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NAN Ukraine), Kyiv, Ukraine
- 4Laboratory for Synthesis and Diagnostics of Nanosystems and Nanomaterials of the Analytical Research Department, Kyiv, Ukraine
- 5M.S. Poliakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine
- 6Thermal & Material Engineering Center LLS, Dnipro, Ukraine
- 7Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
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The article presents experimental results from Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy studies on the high-temperature graphitization of anthracite. The authors conducted heat treatment in stages using a promising high-temperature technology based on an electrothermal fluidized bed. The heating rate of the raw materials in this process is approximately 1000 K/min, and the material is held at high temperatures for several tens of minutes. This rapid heating and short holding time influence the transformation of the carbon raw material's two-dimensional structure into a three-dimensional one and the removal of ash-forming elements from the solid carbon matrix. Based on the analysis of the experimental results, the two methods revealed a division of the graphitization process into three distinct temperature ranges. It was determined that at 2100°C, graphite is formed that is similar in structure to natural graphite but contains a significantly higher number of structural defects of various types, increasing the final product's resistance. Analysis of first-and second-order Raman spectra revealed that turbostratic graphite with fewer defects is formed at processing temperatures of 2700°C and 3000°C. Optimizing process parameters, such as annealing time and temperature, is a promising approach to improving the quality of artificial graphites.
Keywords: Anthracite, Graphite, structural transformations, Raman and EPR spectroscopy, Coal
Received: 05 Dec 2024; Accepted: 30 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Saik, Sybir, Vorona, Isaieva, Yukhymchuk, Trachevsky, Burchak, Hubynskyi and Lozynskyi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Oleksandr Burchak, M.S. Poliakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dnipro, Ukraine
Vasyl Lozynskyi, Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
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