Your new experience awaits. Try the new design now and help us make it even better

CORRECTION article

Front. Earth Sci., 03 November 2025

Sec. Structural Geology and Tectonics

Volume 13 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1717287

Correction: The impact of multi-cycle water invasion on underground gas storages and its controlling factors

This article is a correction to:

  1. The impact of multi-cycle water invasion on underground gas storages and its controlling factors

    1. Read original article
Wei LiaoWei Liao1Shijie ZhangShijie Zhang1Mingyang Lv, Mingyang Lv2,3*Yifeng ZhaoYifeng Zhao1Huilin Yan,Huilin Yan2,3Guoliang Shi,Guoliang Shi2,3Mohammad NooraiepourMohammad Nooraiepour4Lin MaLin Ma5Mikhail SpasennykhMikhail Spasennykh6Zezhang Song, Zezhang Song2,3*
  • 1Xinjiang Oilfield Gas Storage Co., Ltd., PetroChina, Changji, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
  • 3College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
  • 4Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  • 5Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytic Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • 6Center for Petroleum Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia

A Correction on
The impact of multi-cycle water invasion on underground gas storages and its controlling factors

by Liao W, Zhang S, Lv M, Zhao Y, Yan H, Shi G, Nooraiepour M, Ma L, Spasennykh M and Song Z (2025). Front. Earth Sci. 13:1650076. doi: 10.3389/feart.2025.1650076

There was a mistake in Figures 1, 5, 6 as published. All coordinates in the figures have been removed. Figure 10 has also been updated to improve the clarity of the y-axis. The corrected figures appear below.

Figure 1
Geological map showing the Hutubi Fault and North Fault of HU001 well, highlighted in red. Yellow shaded areas represent gas-bearing zones with labeled wells including reinjection, abandoned, water, and monitoring wells. Contour lines depict elevation changes. A legend in the bottom left corner explains symbols used for different well types and geological features.

Figure 1. Geologic background of the research area.

Figure 5
Five contour maps illustrating various geological features with color gradients and labeled measurement points. Maps (a), (b), and (c) showcase different intensity distributions, from green to red, indicating higher values. Maps (d) and (e) use blue, green, and red to denote geological variations, with detailed labels and scale indicators. Each map incorporates a north arrow for orientation and a scale bar for measurement reference.

Figure 5. Distribution Characteristics of sandstone bodies and interlayer for the second member of the Paleogene Ziniquanzi Formation sandstone from the Hutubi gas storage: (a–c) The sandstone bodies distribution characteristics of E1-2z21-1, E1-2z21-2 and E1-2z22; (d,e) The interlayer distribution characteristics between E1-2z21 and E1-2z22, E1-2z21-1 and E1-2z21-2.

Figure 6
Nine contour maps labeled (a) to (i), showing variations in geological data such as porosity and permeability. Each map displays a color gradient with scale bars indicating specific values. Maps are oriented diagonally, featuring contour lines, and are marked with locations labeled with alphanumeric codes. The maps highlight different data distributions across the same geographic area, using distinct color scales and contour patterns for each representation.

Figure 6. The Distribution Characteristics of porosity, permeability and formation factor of the second member of the Paleogene Ziniquanzi Formation sandstone from the Hutubi gas storage: (a–c) The porosity distribution characteristics of E1-2z21-1, E1-2z21-2 and E1-2z22; (d–f) The permeability distribution characteristics of E1-2z21-1, E1-2z21-2 and E1-2z22; (g–i) The formation factor distribution characteristics of E1-2z21-1, E1-2z21-2 and E1-2z22.

Figure 10
Eight color-coded diagrams (a to h) depicting geological cross-sections with data on saturation levels. Each uses a color gradient from blue to red, indicating different saturation levels. Labels such as HUK1, HUK2, and others are marked, denoting specific points or areas within the sections. Arrows and dashed circles highlight particular zones, with each diagram slightly varying in distribution and color intensity. A color legend is present in each image, showing saturation values from 0.17 to 0.98.

Figure 10. The water invasion characteristics of the second member of the Paleogene Ziniquanzi Formation sandstone from the Hutubi gas storage at the end of development and the seventh cycle of gas production: (a,b) The water invasion characteristics in the western area of E1-2z21 gas reservoir at the end of development and the seventh cycle of gas production; (c,d) The water invasion characteristics of the 7th layer in the western area of E1-2z21 gas reservoir at the end of development and the seventh cycle of gas production; (e,f) The water invasion characteristics of the 7th layer in the eastern area of E1-2z21 gas reservoir at the end of development and the seventh cycle of gas production; (g,h) The water invasion characteristics of the 12th layer of E1-2z22 gas reservoir at the end of development and the seventh cycle of gas production.

The original article has been updated.

Generative AI statement

Any alternative text (alt text) provided alongside figures in this article has been generated by Frontiers with the support of artificial intelligence and reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, including review by the authors wherever possible. If you identify any issues, please contact us.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Keywords: underground gas storage, aquifer energy, water invasion patterns, geological modeling, numerical simulation

Citation: Liao W, Zhang S, Lv M, Zhao Y, Yan H, Shi G, Nooraiepour M, Ma L, Spasennykh M and Song Z (2025) Correction: The impact of multi-cycle water invasion on underground gas storages and its controlling factors. Front. Earth Sci. 13:1717287. doi: 10.3389/feart.2025.1717287

Received: 01 October 2025; Accepted: 13 October 2025;
Published: 03 November 2025.

Edited and reviewed by:

Hu Li, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, China

Copyright © 2025 Liao, Zhang, Lv, Zhao, Yan, Shi, Nooraiepour, Ma, Spasennykh and Song. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Mingyang Lv, MjAyNDMxMDA1NEBzdHVkZW50LmN1cC5lZHUuY24=; Zezhang Song, c29uZ3p6QGN1cC5lZHUuY24=

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.