Abstract
Background:
This study was aimed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of 3D printing digital template for treatment of cubitus varus deformity.
Methods:
32 patients who underwent lateral closing osteotomy were evaluated between January 2018 and January 2020 in this retrospective study. Navigation templates were used in 17 cases, while conventional surgery in 15 cases. The carrying angles before and after surgery, operation time and elbow joint function were compared.
Results:
Navigation templates matched well with the anatomical markers of the lateral humerus. More accurate osteotomy degrees, shorter operation time and less radiation exposure were achieved in the navigation template group (p < 0.05). At the last follow-up time, significant difference was found based on the Bellemore criteria (p = 0.0288).
Conclusions:
The novel navigation template can shorten operation time, improve the lateral closing osteotomy accuracy and improve postoperative elbow joint function.
Background
Supracondylar humerus fractures are very common in children, while cubitus varus deformity may occur if these patients are not treated well (, ). It is considered that cubitus varus deformity belongs to a three-dimensional (3D) deformity, which includes varus deformity in the coronal plane, an overextension deformity in the sagittal plane, and an internal rotation deformity in the horizontal plane (, ). Lateral closing-wedge osteotomy is always performed by most orthopedic surgeons for treatment of cubitus varus deformity, which demonstrates more effective than dome osteotomy or varus osteotomy (, ). However, accurate performance and positioning of lateral closing-wedge osteotomy during surgery are crucial to ensure ideal correction effects.
Currently, patient specific guides for navigation, osteotomies, screw/wire positioning have been used for decades. Over the last decade, 3D printing has provided an alternative manufacturing method. Based on 3D printing technology, individualized navigation templates can completely match the solid skeleton. To make the corrective surgery more accurate in children, we need navigation templates because they have individual differences. Recently, Zhang et al. designed a computer-aided design osteotomy template for treatment of cubitus varus deformity in teenagers, which was easy to use and generated highly accurate osteotomy (). However, the navigational template was hard to be attached to the distal humerus firmly. To solve this problem, we designed a novel 3D printing digital navigation template for treatment of cubitus varus deformity and the template was fixed hard in the bone surface. This study was aimed to evaluate whether digital navigation template was simple and precise, and could achieve accurate osteotomy degree.
Materials and methods
Patients
From July 2016 to September 2018, thirty-two consecutive patients (17 boys and 15 girls) presenting cubitus varus deformity were reviewed. No statistical significance was found for the patient's demographic characteristics between the conventional group and navigation template group (Table 1). The inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) all cubitus varus were secondary to supracondylar fracture; (ii) carrying angles of the affected sides were more than 15° and (iii) the timing for operation was more than 12 months after the fracture occurred. All patients underwent lateral closing-wedge osteotomy. Traditional surgery for 15 cases while templates for other 17 cases. This study was approved by the institutional review board of the Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School. All parents gave written informed consent before participating in this study. All parents gave their written informed consent for the publication of children images.
Table 1
| Characteristics | Conventional group (n = 15) | Navigation template group (n = 17) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (range), years | 9.2 ± 2.6 (8–14) | 9.7 ± 1.9 (8–13) | 0.546 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.982 | ||
|  Male | 8 (53.3) | 9 (52.9) | |
|  Female | 7 (46.7) | 8 (47.1) | |
| Side, n (%) | 0.755 | ||
|  Left | 7 (46.7) | 7 (41.2) | |
|  Right | 8 (53.3) | 10 (58.8) | |
| Preoperative carrying angle (°) | |||
| Affected side | −21.8 ± 7.3 | −22.7 ± 5.9 | 0.404 |
| Normal side | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 0.549 |
Comparison of demographic data and characteristics.
Digital design and 3d printing navigation template preparation
Preoperatively, anteroposterior (AP) and lateral view radiographs and CT scans of ipsilateral and contralateral upper limbs were taken in all patients. The methods for digital design and 3D printing navigation template preparation were the same as our previous literature ().
The angle of lateral closing-wedge osteotomy was calculated by computer software, and then, the angular difference at the distal end of the humerus was directly measured, at which the osteotomy was also required. The distal osteotomy plane was approximately 1.5 cm above the olecranon fossa. The Kirschner wire guide pipe was attached to the fitting surface to fix the template, which provided a mark for correcting the rotational deformity. The templates matched with the humerus well and the osteotomy operation was more convenient. Meanwhile, according to the correction amount, the proximal osteotomy plane was performed by using the Amira 3.1 software (Figure 1A). The 3D models were saved in STL format for stereolithography and the optimal osteotomy degrees were defined based on the humerus parameters using 3D printing technology (Figure 1B).
Figure 1
Operation and postoperative treatment
All the surgeries were performed by one senior orthopedic surgeon. The 3D printing navigation template was sterilized and applied intraoperatively to assist lateral closing-wedge osteotomy (Figure 1C). After completing the osteotomy during the surgery, the 3D printing navigation template was removed and coincided to correct the distal internal rotation deformity (Figure 1D). The child was anesthetized and placed in a supine position, and lateral cortical bone of the distal humerus was exposed. After matching the template to the distal end of the humerus, the 3D printing navigation template was fixed with two Kirschner wires to prevent slippage. When blocking the wedge-shaped osteotomy, we remove the 3D printing navigation template and observe the affected limb. Finally, they were fixed by internal fixation with Locking Compression Plate (LCP) as preoperatively simulated (Figure 2). Meanwhile, the lateral closing-wedge osteotomy was performed according to the preoperative and intraoperative measurements in the conventional group (Figure 3). No significant difference in postoperative management procedures after lateral closing-wedge osteotomy between the two groups. The long arm plaster was fixed four weeks after surgery. Moreover, radiographs of the elbow joint were taken regularly until the region of osteotomy completely healed and then the internal fixation was removed. The function evaluations were evaluated at last follow-up time according to Bellemore criteria (Figure 4) ().
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Statistical analysis
All measurement data were presented as means ± SD, and Student's t-test was used to examine the differences between groups. Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were applied to analyze the data of the two groups in this study. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
For the 17 children with cubitus varus deformity in the 3D navigation template group, all templates matched well with the anatomical markers of the lateral humerus (by both intra-operative visual and post-operative imaging). Compared with the conventional group, there was statistical significance in radiation exposure (p < 0.0001) and operation time (p < 0.0001) in the 3D navigation template group (Table 2). Regarding the correcting degrees of carrying angle, there was statistical significance between the conventional group (25.1 ± 7.2°) and navigation template group (21.1 ± 5.3°, p = 0.0161).
Table 2
| Conventional group (n = 15) | Navigation template group (n = 17) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corrective carrying angle (°) | 25.1 ± 7.2 | 21.1 ± 5.3 | 0.0161 |
| Radiation exposure, times | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 5.3 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 |
| Operation time, min | 43.2 ± 7.5 | 26.7 ± 4.8 | <0.0001 |
| Maximum elbow motion (°) | |||
|  Extension | 2.3 ± 3.5 | 1.8 ± 2.8 | 0.1936 |
|  Flexion | 128.5 ± 4.1 | 126.2 ± 3.3 | 0.2288 |
| Bellemore criteria | 0.0288 | ||
|  Excellent | 7 (46.7) | 15 (88.2) | |
|  Good | 5 (33.3) | 2 (11.8) | |
|  Poor | 3 (20) | 0 | |
Comparison of operation data and functional outcomes between two groups.
No complications, such as incision infection, nonunion, or loss of reduction, occurred in two groups. Two cases of the prominence of the lateral condyle were found in conventional group. Radiographs showed no varus, extension, or flexion deformity at the final follow-up. In the navigation template group, 15 patients obtained excellent correction and 2 patients obtained good prognosis, while in the conventional group, 7 cases were excellent, 5 cases were good, and 3 as poor. According to the Bellemore criteria, the elbow joint function between the two groups showed no significant difference (p = 0.0288).
Discussion
There are some limitations in our study. First, the number of cases was small. Second, the position of the template may be affected so we must fix the template tightly. Third, the correction of rotation should be evaluated in further studies.
Until now, closing wedge osteotomy, dome osteotomy, medial opening wedge osteotomy, step-cut osteotomy, and reverse V osteotomy have been reported (–). Accurately controlling the correction angle in each dimension during the lateral closing wedge osteotomy is difficult (). 3D printing individualized navigation templates are widely used in orthopedics (–). Based on these technologies, 3D printing navigation templates can match the solid skeleton well (Intra-operative visual and post-operative imaging), which is safe and effective for accurate control of the angle of the osteotomy (). Recently, different 3D printing navigation templates have been designed for cubitus varus deformity and achieved wonderful clinical outcomes (, , ). The present study applied a novel 3D printing navigation template and validated the efficacy and safety. Meanwhile, we achieved more accurate osteotomy degrees, less radiation exposure, and shorter operation time (p < 0.05). Besides, the healing time and post-operative infection were also reduced. According to the Bellemore criteria, there was significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.0288).
In the present study, the navigation template had the advantages of speed, convenience, and accuracy. It was so small that it did not expand the surgical incision, which was also simple in design and convenient during surgery. Moreover, damage of the surrounding tissues and epiphyseal cartilage were hard to be found. Third, applying the navigation template can be used to develop a preoperative plan before surgery and assist surgical navigation for accurate osteotomy. A fitting surface and upper osteotomy plane were included in the 3D printing navigation template and a Kirschner wire guide pipe was attached to the fitting surface to fix the 3D printing navigation template and avoid intraoperative slippage. After removing the template, we performed the lower osteotomy and the angle between the upper and lower osteotomy surfaces was equal to the correction of the deformity angle. Lastly, the upper and lower osteotomy surfaces were completely fitted after the osteotomy, which avoided the steps on the upper and lower osteotomy surfaces. The accuracy of the 3D printed template was checked with the aid of 3D printing model before surgery, thereby eliminating the need for repeated manipulates and shortening the surgical time. Besides, fewer radiographs are needed and continual fluoroscopic monitoring can be avoided intraoperatively.
Conclusion
In summary, the application of a novel 3D printing navigation template for children with cubitus varus deformity can reduce the operating time, achieve less radiation exposure and improve the surgical accuracy. Therefore, this method is effective and reliable.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin.
Author contributions
MZ: Data curation, Funding acquisition, Validation, Writing – original draft. YH: Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. YX: Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. QS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft. HZ: Data curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 82160420) and Changsha Natural Science Foundation (No. kq2208442).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Abbreviations
3D, three-dimensional; CT, computed tomography; CAD, computer-aided design; LCP, locking compression plate.
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Summary
Keywords
3D printing technology, digital navigation template, cubitus varus deformity, children, template
Citation
Zou M, He Y, Xu Y, Shi Q and Zeng H (2024) Design and application of a novel 3D printing digital navigation template for cubitus varus deformity in children. Front. Pediatr. 12:1342980. doi: 10.3389/fped.2024.1342980
Received
22 November 2023
Accepted
24 July 2024
Published
07 August 2024
Volume
12 - 2024
Edited by
Yuan Zhang, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
Reviewed by
Gergo Jozsa, University of Pécs, Hungary
Paul Simon Unwin, Independent Researcher, Ludlow, United Kingdom
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Zou, He, Xu, Shi and Zeng.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hao Zeng 2621132371@qq.com
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.