ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Pediatr.
Sec. Neonatology
Prevalence, Perinatal Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Respiratory Ureaplasma Species Colonization in Hospitalized Preterm Infants
Provisionally accepted
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Objective: To investigate the prevalence, perinatal risk factors, and clinical outcomes associated with Ureaplasma species (Ureaplasma spp.) colonization in hospitalized preterm infants. Methods: This retrospective study included preterm infants (<37 weeks' gestation) admitted to the Neonatology Department of the Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China, between December 2023 and June 2025. Infants transferred within 72 hours of birth and tested for Ureaplasma spp. in nasopharyngeal aspirates within 72 hours were eligible. Infants with delayed testing, incomplete clinical data, or early death or discharge were excluded. Nasopharyngeal aspirates samples were analyzed for Ureaplasma spp. DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Demographic, perinatal, laboratory, and clinical outcome data were collected. Comparisons between Ureaplasma spp.-positive and Ureaplasma spp.-negative groups were performed, and multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between Ureaplasma spp. colonization and major morbidities. Results: Among 368 eligible preterm infants, 58 (15.8%) were Ureaplasma spp.-positive. The colonization rate increased progressively with decreasing gestational age (GA), reaching 31.8% among infants <28 weeks, and was highest among those with a birth weight of 1000-1499 g (20.4%). Ureaplasma spp.-positive infants had a significantly lower GA (P < 0.05). Vaginal delivery and prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) were more common in the Ureaplasma spp.-positive group (both P < 0.001), whereas gestational hypertension was more frequent in the negative group (P = 0.008). The positive group had higher white blood cell counts and a greater frequency of elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (P < 0.05). Clinically, Ureaplasma spp. colonization was associated with more frequent and prolonged oxygen supplementation and higher incidences of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (all P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, Ureaplasma spp. colonization remained independently associated with BPD, NEC, and ROP (P < 0.05), but not with sepsis. Conclusions: Ureaplasma spp. colonization is common in hospitalized preterm infants, particularly among those of lower gestational age. Vaginal delivery and PROM are significant perinatal risk factors. Ureaplasma spp. colonization is associated with heightened inflammatory responses and independently contributes to major morbidities, including BPD, NEC, and ROP, but not with sepsis after adjustment for confounders.
Keywords: clinical outcomes, preterm infants, Prevalence, Risk factors, Ureaplasma species
Received: 22 Dec 2025; Accepted: 03 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Yang, Mu, Du, Zhang and Ding. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Xin Ding
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