Introduction
Quality of life (QoL) is an important outcome in health and medical promotion (, ). Many scholars are interested in QoL, targeting various patient groups (), such as chronic illnesses (), spinal cord injury, and alcohol abuse and dependence (, –).
QoL research on children and adolescents has been focusing on mental health problems (, ), overweight and obesity (), health-related QoL (HRQoL) (), self-harm and suicidal behaviors (), etc. Such studies usually pay more attention on traditional health indicators. However, there is a need to explore the positive elements that promote QoL of children and adolescents. Therefore, the “moving target” perspective is adopted.
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant psychological, physical fitness, and lifestyle challenges for children and adolescents (), including insomnia (), anxiety (), social exclusion (, ), post-traumatic stress (), reduced social activities, and prolonged sitting and screen time (). These challenges had diverse impacts on the QoL of children and adolescents.
“If” and “how” to promote QoL of children and adolescents
Addressing the questions of “if” and “how” infection control measures affect the romantic relationships, mental health, post-infection trauma status, and use of social network in children and adolescents.
Fujino et al. designed a prospective cohort to study the change in single youth's romantic relationships during COVID-19. Research found that stricter infection control in the workplace was correlated with an increased initiation of romantic relationships.
A longitudinal study conducted by Zhu et al. studied whether and how relocated adolescents were affected by changes in their living environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. It revealed that the psychological resilience and mental health problems of relocated adolescents are a two-way, mutually influential dynamic.
Xu et al. designed a latent profile study to explore the impact of family functioning on post-traumatic reactions in infected adolescents during COVID-19. This study identified three classes: the growth class, the struggling class, and the pain class. The growth and struggle classes were influenced by problem solving and behavioral control in family functioning, while the growth and pain classes were influenced by problem solving, role, behavioral control, and total functioning. The pain and struggle classes were also influenced by problem-solving and roles.
Tremolada et al. investigated the type of social network use and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was shown that adolescents in the clinical groups show passive use of social networks, while healthy adolescents use them more actively. It also found that those with high levels of social anxiety are more likely to be negatively affected by COVID-19.
These articles show that the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the QoL of children and adolescents, primarily on social relationships, mental health, and trauma, both positively and negatively. On one hand, it restricts the social interactions of children and adolescents, and increases psychological problems and trauma. On the other hand, it encourages single youth to be more willing to pursue intimate relationships, and promotes adolescent psychological resilience and traumatized growth.
“When” and “why” to promote children and adolescents
Three articles explored the timing and reasons behind promoting the QoL of children and adolescents.
Lee et al. analyzed data collected during 2017–2021 to examine trends in health behaviors and mental health among adolescents. It reported a reduction in alcohol consumption and insufficient physical activity among adolescents during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, obesity rates among adolescents had risen. Furthermore, the incidence of mental health problems among all adolescents decreased in 2020 but rose again in 2021. In adolescents from low-income families, the incidence of mental health problems was the highest over 5 years since the COVID-19 outbreak.
A prospective cohort study was conducted by Paton et al. to investigate the mental health trajectories of college students during COVID-19. Nearly two-thirds of the students who were “constants” and “thrivers” maintained a stable trend in mental health. The two groups of students, “strugglers” and “decliners”, accounted for about 30% and generally showed at least a slight decline in their well-being. The students who were “improvers” showed a significant improvement in wellbeing.
A comparative study was conducted by Raffagnato et al. to study the impact of adolescent mental health problems on their hospital admissions and readmissions. It showed a gradual increased use of substances and electronic devices, resulting in a significant increase in hospital readmissions.
These works indicate that adolescents' health behaviors and mental health change over time, and different groups may exhibit different trends. The identified risk factors of adolescents' QoL are important for developing QoL interventions for adolescents.
Future research
QoL is an important indicator of youth development (). The collection of these Research Topics focuses on the QoL of children and adolescents across different age groups and fields (). These analyses provide important information for understanding the current statuses, trends, and implications for the development of future interventions of COVID-19 to enhance adolescents' QoL.
QoL of children and adolescents is influenced by their developmental stage and specific life events. The key considerations are the early identification of risk factors and operation of effective interventions (), and focus on both short- and long-term benefits to children and adolescents (). However, it remains unclear of what are the effective identification processes and interventions. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the influences of COVID-19 on QoL in children and adolescents is also unclear. Finally, the critical issue of how to provide adolescents with social resources and services to promote their QoL has not been adequately addressed either. Thus, from the “a moving target” perspective, there is still a need for developing and evaluating more high-quality interventions to promote QoL in different contexts.
Statements
Author contributions
YH: Writing—original draft. XS: Writing—original draft. WD: Writing—review & editing, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision. DF: Writing—review & editing. XJ: Writing—review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 23ZR1415000).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1.
DijkersM. Quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injury: A review of conceptualization, measurement, and research findings. J Rehabil Res Dev. (2005) 42:87–110. 10.1682/JRRD.2004.08.0100
2.
HaraldstadKWahlAAndenaesRAndersenJRAndersenMHBeislandEet al. A systematic review of quality of life research in medicine and health sciences. Qual Life Res. (2019) 28:2641–50. 10.1007/s11136-019-02214-9
3.
ShekDTLLeeBM. A comprehensive review of quality of life (qol) research in hong kong. SciWorld J. (2007) 7:1222–9. 10.1100/tsw.2007.217
4.
HardingL. Children's quality of life assessments: a review of generic and health related quality of life measures completed by children and adolescents. Clin Psychol Psychother. (2001) 8:79–96. 10.1002/cpp.275
5.
UgochukwuCBagotKSDelaloyeSPiSVienLGarveyTet al. The importance of quality of life in patients with alcohol abuse and dependence. Harv Rev Psychiatry. (2013) 21:1–17. 10.1097/HRP.0b013e31827fd8aa
6.
WallanderJLVarniJW. Effects of pediatric chronic physical disorders on child and family adjustment. J Child Psychol Psychiat Allied Discipl. (1998) 39:29–46. 10.1111/1469-7610.00302
7.
BastiaansenDFerdinandRFKootHM. Predictors of quality of life in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. (2020) 51:104–13. 10.1007/s10578-019-00914-4
8.
MierauJOKann-WeedageDHoekstraPJSpiegelaarLJansenDEMCVermeulenKMet al. Assessing quality of life in psychosocial and mental health disorders in children: a comprehensive overview and appraisal of generic health related quality of life measures. BMC Pediatrics. (2020) 20:329. 10.1186/s12887-020-02220-8
9.
ButtittaMIliescuCRousseauAGuerrienA. Quality of life in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a literature review. Qual Life Res. (2014) 23:1117–39. 10.1007/s11136-013-0568-5
10.
AhnSN. The potential impact of covid-19 on health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022) 19:14740. 10.3390/ijerph192214740
11.
LeNBelayYBLeLK-DPirkisJMihalopoulosC. Health-related quality of life in children, adolescents and young adults with self-harm or suicidality: a systematic review. Austral N Zeal J Psychiat. (2023) 57:952–65. 10.1177/00048674231165477
12.
LokKYWFongDYTWongJYHHoMChoiEPHPandianVet al. International survey for assessing covid-19′s impact on fear and health: study protocol. BMJ Open. (2021) 11:e048720. 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048720
13.
ArmstrongJMRuttlePLKleinMHEssexMJBencaRM. Associations of child insomnia, sleep movement, and their persistence with mental health symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Sleep. (2014) 37:901–9. 10.5665/sleep.3656
14.
Ravens-SiebererUKamanAErhartMDevineJSchlackROttoC. Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2022) 31:879–89. 10.1007/s00787-021-01726-5
15.
DuanWJKongYSChenZMuWL. Covid-19-induced social exclusion and quality of life among chinese adolescents in the context of family education: The mediating role of perceived control. Educ Psychol. (2023) 43:531–44. 10.1080/01443410.2022.2099529
16.
WuSYYaoMNDengCXMarsigliaFFDuanWJ. Social isolation and anxiety disorder during the covid-19 pandemic and lockdown in china. J Affect Disord. (2021) 294:10–6. 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.067
17.
DuanWJGuanQJJinQP. Latent profiles and influencing factors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among adults during the covid-19 pandemic. Front Public Health. (2021) 9:620521. 10.3389/fpubh.2021.620521
18.
LiJYFongDYTLokKYWWongJYHHoMMChoiEPHet al. Global impacts of covid-19 on lifestyles and health and preparation preferences: An international survey of 30 countries. J Global Health. (2023) 13:06031. 10.7189/jogh.13.06031
19.
EdwardsTCPatrickDLTopolskiTD. Quality of life of adolescents with perceived disabilities. J Pediatr Psychol. (2003) 28:233–41. 10.1093/jpepsy/jsg011
20.
DuanWJKongYSBuHGuanQJChenZLuoQSet al. The online strength-informed acceptance and commitment therapy among covid-19-affected adolescents. Res Soc Work Pract. (2022) 32:465–74. 10.1177/10497315211067270
Summary
Keywords
quality of life, children, adolescents, promotion, assessment
Citation
Hao Y, Sun X, Duan W, Fong DYT and Jin X (2023) Editorial: A moving target: exploring if, when, how, and why promoting quality of life counts among children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Public Health 11:1339945. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1339945
Received
17 November 2023
Accepted
20 November 2023
Published
14 December 2023
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited and reviewed by
Wulf Rössler, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Hao, Sun, Duan, Fong and Jin.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Wenjie Duan duan.w@outlook.com
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.