Abstract
Background:
A growing body of studies have examined the effect of exercise in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), while findings of available studies were conflicting. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the effects of exercise on balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, and quality of life in people with MS.
Methods:
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases, through March 1, 2024. Inclusion criteria were: (1) RCTs; (2) included an intervention and control group; (3) had people with MS as study subjects; (4) had balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, or quality of life as the outcome measures. Exclusion criteria were: (1) non-English publications; (2) animal model publications; (3) review articles; and (4) conference articles. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Cochrane risk assessment tool and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale were used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies.
Results:
Forty studies with a total of 56 exercise groups (n = 1,300) and 40 control groups (n = 827) were eligible for meta-analysis. Exercise significantly improved BBS (WMD, 3.77; 95% CI, 3.01 to 4.53, P < 0.00001), TUG (WMD, −1.33; 95% CI, −1.57 to −1.08, P < 0.00001), MSWS-12 (WMD, −2.57; 95% CI, −3.99 to −1.15, P = 0.0004), 6MWT (WMD, 25.56; 95% CI, 16.34 to 34.79, P < 0.00001), fatigue (WMD, −4.34; 95% CI, −5.83 to −2.84, P < 0.00001), and MSQOL-54 in people with MS (WMD, 11.80; 95% CI, 5.70 to 17.90, P = 0.0002) in people with MS. Subgroup analyses showed that aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and multicomponent training were all effective in improving fatigue in people with MS, with resistance exercise being the most effective intervention type. In addition, a younger age was associated with a larger improvement in fatigue. Furthermore, aerobic exercise and multicomponent training were all effective in improving quality of life in people with MS, with aerobic exercise being the most effective intervention type.
Conclusion:
Exercise had beneficial effects in improving balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, and quality of life in people with MS. Resistance exercise and aerobic exercise are the most effective interventions for improving fatigue and quality of life in people with MS, respectively. The effect of exercise on improving fatigue was associated with the age of the participants, with the younger age of the participants, the greater the improvement in fatigue.
Systematic review registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=371056, identifier: CRD42022371056.
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling neurological disease common in young and middle-aged adults with a mean age of onset of 29 years (1, 2). The manifestations of people with MS include physical symptoms such as muscle weakness, muscle spasms, decreased mobility and balance, and increased sensitivity to pain, with psychiatric episodes and fatigue leading to severe disability and deterioration of physical condition, mobility, cognition, and quality of life (3–7). In fact, 50–80% of people with MS, even in its mild stages, will result in impaired walking performance, further reducing their quality of life as the disease progresses (8).
People with MS usually use pharmacologic strategies that down-regulate immune activation to halt disease progression, prevent relapse, or partially reverse disability (9). However, pharmacologic treatments are often accompanied by adverse effects such as infection, headache, and diarrhea (10). In recent years, exercise has been found to be beneficial in improving aerobic capacity, muscle strength, flexibility, balance, fatigue, and cognitive function in people with MS (11).
A growing body of studies have examined the effect of exercise in people with MS, while findings of available studies were conflicting. Kubsik et al. (12) showed that exercise not only contributes to the physical abilities of people with MS, but also to their mood and attitude toward exercise. In addition, Grazioli et al. (13) reported that multicomponent training was effective in improving quality of life, walking ability, and balance, as well as reducing depression, fatigue, and disease severity in people with MS. Furthermore, Feys et al. (14) showed that running improved aerobic capacity, functional mobility, spatial memory, fatigue, and quality of life in people with MS. However, a meta-analysis showed no significant differences in step count and moderate to vigorous physical activity among individuals with MS, both within and between groups receiving physical activity interventions (14). To the best of our knowledge, Arntzen et al. (15) included only eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the number of included studies was quite small, and the authors included one study in which participants in the control group also received exercise intervention. Another study evaluated the effects of Pilates on balance in people with MS, which included only seven RCTs (16). However, the authors included studies in which control group participants also received exercise interventions such as home exercises (two studies), relaxation exercises (one study), aerobic exercises (one study), and traditional exercises (one study), which may have had some impact on their findings. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs to explore the effects of exercise on balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, and quality of life in people with MS.
Methods
This systematic review and meta-analysis was done in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA, 2020) guidelines (17) and the implementing PRISMA in exercise, rehabilitation, sport medicine, and sports science (PERSiST) guidance (18). The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022371056).
Search strategy
We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for RCTs relating to the effect of exercise on balance, gait, fatigue, and quality of life in patients with MS from the inception dates to March 1, 2024 (Supplementary Table 1). We also manually searched references listed in the identified systematic reviews and meta-analyses, in addition to the reference lists of identified studies included in the screening. Two authors (L.D. and H.X.) independently completed the article screening using a standardized form.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were: (1) RCTs; (2) included an intervention and control group; (3) had people with MS as study subjects; (4) had balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, or quality of life as the outcome measures. Exclusion criteria were: (1) non-English publications; (2) animal model publications; (3) review articles; and (4) conference articles.
Data extraction
Two authors (L.D. and H.X.) independently performed the data extraction, mainly including: (1) study characteristics (surname of the first author, year of publication, and sample size); (2) intervention characteristics (intensity, duration, and frequency); (3) participant characteristics (gender, disease stage, and disease duration); (4) treatment effects [mean and standard deviation (SD) values reflecting changes in balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, and quality of life from baseline to post intervention].
Methodological quality assessment
The methodological quality for the included studies was independently assessed by two authors (L.D. and H.X.) based on the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB2) (19) and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (20, 21). If there was disagreement between the two authors, a third author (LY) would join the discussion until the three reach a consensus. RoB2 was assessed mainly from seven items: random sequence generation (selection bias), allocation concealment (selection bias), blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias), blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias), incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), selective reporting (reporting bias), and other biases. PEDro scale is an 11-item scale used to evaluate the quality of the RCTs of the physical therapy studies, where studies scoring <4, 4–5, 6–8, and >9 points are considered poor quality, average, good, and excellent, respectively (21).
Statistical analysis
We extracted the mean and SD values reflecting changes in timed up and go test (TUG), Berg balance scale (BBS), multiple sclerosis walking scale-12 (MSWS-12), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), fatigue severity scale (FSS), modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS), and multiple sclerosis quality of life-54 (MSQOL-54) from baseline to post-intervention from each study for pooling effects. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the effects of exercise on balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, and quality of life in people with MS. For studies reporting standard error (SE) or 95% confidence interval (CI), SD was calculated using the previously described formula. Otherwise, PlotDigitizer online software (www.plotdigitizer.com) was used (22). The I2 static was used to assess heterogeneity, where I2 <25% indicates no significant heterogeneity, 25% <I2 <50% indicates low heterogeneity, 50% <I2 <75% indicates moderate heterogeneity, and I2 > 75% indicates high heterogeneity (23). If there was a high heterogeneity (I2 > 60%), meta-regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were used to interpret the results (19).
For subgroup analyses, we examined the effects of intervention type (aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and multicomponent exercise), participants' age (young, <45 years old; and middle-aged and older adult, ≥45 years old), and type of fatigue detection (FSS and MFIS) on fatigue and intervention type (aerobic exercise and multicomponent exercise) on quality of life in people with MS. Meta-regressions were conducted based on the participants' age, disease duration, duration of intervention, session duration, and weekly time. The analysis result, funnel plot, and forest plot were generated using RevMan 5.2 software. Statistical significance was considered for outcomes with a P < 0.05.
Results
Study selection
As shown in Figure 1, 5,432 records were initially identified from the databases and 11 records from other sources. Three thousand nine hundred and twenty-five studies remained after excluding duplicates and 130 potentially eligible studies remained after the title and abstract screening. Ninety studies were excluded by reading the full text: (1) wrong publication type (e.g., reviews, conference abstracts, n = 42); (2) the experimental group combined with other interventions (n = 22); (3) studied irrelevant outcome (n = 15); (4) recruited non-multiple sclerosis participants (n = 11). Finally, 40 studies (24–63) were considered eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Figure 1
Characteristics of the included studies
The main characteristics of participants and interventions were shown in Table 1. Among the included studies, there were 1,300 people with MS in the 56 exercise groups and 827 people with MS in the 40 control groups. Six studies involved women, 1 study involved men, and 30 studies involved both men and women. The mean age of the participants ranged from 16.3 to 61.6 years. Thirty-seven studies (24–28, 30–32, 34–49, 51–63) involved participants with mean age <60 years, and three studies (29, 33, 50) involved participants with mean age ≥60 year. Most interventions specified aerobic exercise (n = 16) (24–26, 30, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 45, 46, 51, 53, 56, 58, 63), balance training (n = 10) (29, 37, 43, 47, 50, 52, 54, 55, 59, 61), resistance exercise (n = 6) (27, 28, 32, 41, 44, 49), or other types of exercise [such as multicomponent training (n = 5) (31, 35, 42, 48, 62) water sports (n = 2) (40, 57); interval training (n = 1) (60)]. Of the 40 studies, 26 studies provided data for balance, which was tested by BBS (20 studies) (24, 29, 34, 36–40, 42–44, 46, 49, 50, 52–54, 58, 59, 61) and TUG (17 studies) (25–27, 33, 34, 37, 38, 42–44, 50, 51, 54–56, 59, 61, 62). In addition, 17 studies provided data for gait, which was tested by MSWS-12 (walking ability, eight studies) (29, 30, 34, 47, 50, 55, 60, 61) and 6MWT (walking endurance, 14 studies) (25, 28, 30, 39, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 53, 54, 56, 60, 61). Furthermore, 17 studies provided data for fatigue, which was tested by FSS (nine studies) (24, 26, 28, 42, 44, 51–54) and MFIS (eight studies) (30, 32, 33, 39, 41, 43, 50, 57). Moreover, six studies provided data for quality of life (24, 31, 45, 48, 57, 63), which was tested by MSQOL-54.
Table 1
| References | Sample size | Sex | Age (y) | EDSS | Disease duration (y) | Intervention | Details of interventions | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmadi et al. (24) | IG = 11 | 11 W | IG: 32.3 (8.7) | IG: 2.0 (1.1) | IG: 4.7 (5.6) | Yoga | 8 weeks, 60–70 min, each position for 10–30 s, group rest for 30–60 s, 3 times/week | FFS and MSQOL-54 |
| CG = 10 | 10 W | CG: 36.7 (9.3) | CG: 2.3 (1.3) | CG: 5.0 (3.1) | Usual care | |||
| Androwis et al. (25) | IG = 6 | 3 M and 3 W | IG: 46.5 (5.2) | NR | NR | Walking | 4 weeks, 30 min, 2 times/week | TUG and 6MWT |
| CG = 4 | 1 M and 3 W | CG: 55.0 (9.6) | NR | NR | Rehabilitation nursing | |||
| Cakt et al. (26) | IG = 14 | 5 M and 9 W | IG: 36.4 (10.5) | NR | IG: 9.2 (5.0) | Bicycle | 8 weeks, 30–35 min, 30–40 W low resistance, twice/week | TUG and FFS |
| IG = 10 | 2 M and 8 W | IG: 43.0 (10.2) | NR | IG: 6.2 (2.2) | Balance training | 8 weeks, 30–35 min, 2 times/week | ||
| CG = 9 | 3 M and 6 W | CG: 35.5 (10.9) | NR | CG: 6.6 (2.4) | Usual care | |||
| Andreu-Caravaca et al. (27) | IG = 18 | 10 M and 8 W | IG: 44.9 (10.6) | IG: 3.2 (1.7) | NR | Strength training | 10 weeks, 40% 1 RM, 3 times per week | TUG |
| CG = 12 | 5 M and 7 W | CG: 48.4 (10.2) | CG: 3.3 (1.3) | NR | Usual care | |||
| Andreu-Caravaca et al. (28) | IG = 18 | 10 M and 8 W | IG: 44.9 (10.6) | IG: 3.2 (1.7) | NR | Strength training | 10 weeks, 40% 1 RM, 3 times per week | 6MWT and FSS |
| CG = 12 | 5 M and 7 W | CG: 48.4 (10.2) | CG: 3.3 (1.3) | NR | Usual care | |||
| Carling et al. (29) | IG = 25 | 6 M and 19 W | IG: 61.6 (11.3) | IG: 6.2 (0.5) | NR | Balance training | 7 weeks, 60 min, 2 times/week | BBS, TUG, and MSWS-12 |
| CG = 26 | 10 M and 16 W | CG: 54.7 (8.2) | CG: 6.1 (0.5) | NR | Usual care | |||
| Langeskov-Christensen et al. (30) | IG = 43 | 17 M and 26 W | IG: 44.0 (9.5) | IG: 2.7(1.4) | IG: 10.9 (7.9) | Aerobic training | 24 weeks, 30–60 min, 65–95% maximum heart rate, twice/week | MFIS, FSS, 6MWT, and MSWS-12 |
| CG = 43 | 17 M and 26 W | CG: 45.6 (9.3) | CG: 2.8(1.6) | CG: 8.6 (6.0) | Usual care | |||
| Correale et al. (31) | IG = 14 | 14 W | IG: 45.4 (7.2) | NR | NR | Combination training | 12 weeks, 45–60 min, 50–70% reserve heart rate, 2 times/week | MFIS and MSQOL-54 |
| CG = 9 | 9 W | CG: 48.3 (6.1) | NR | NR | Usual care | |||
| Dodd et al. (32) | IG = 36 | 10 M and 26 W | IG: 47.7 (10.8) | NR | NR | Strength training | 10 weeks, 45 min, 2 sets per action, 10–12 times, 2 times per week | MFIS |
| CG = 35 | 9 M and 26 W | CG: 50.4 (9.6) | NR | NR | Usual care | |||
| Fleming et al. (33) | IG = 29 | 29 W | IG: 45.3 (8.6) | NR | NR | Pilates | 8 weeks, repeat actions 4–10 times, 2 times/week | MFIS |
| CG = 34 | 34 W | CG: 48.2 (9.8) | NR | NR | Usual care | |||
| Forsberg et al. (34) | IG = 35 | 28 M and 7 W | IG: 52.0 (10) | NR | IG: 15.0 (9.0) | Core training | 7 weeks, 50–60 min, 2 times/week | BBS, TUG, and MSWS-12 |
| CG = 38 | 31 M and 7 W | CG: 56.3 (11) | NR | CG: 16.0 (11.0) | Usual care | |||
| Garrett et al. (35) | IG = 63 | 13 M and 50 W | IG: 51.7 (10) | NR | IG: 9.8 (7.0) | Physical therapy | 10 weeks, 12 actions per action, with/2–5% increase in load during easy times, 60 min per week | MFIS and 6MWT |
| IG = 67 | 22 M and 45 W | IG: 50.3 (10) | NR | IG: 10.5 (6.9) | Combination training | 10 weeks, 60 min per week | ||
| IG = 63 | 19 M and 44 W | IG: 49.6 (10) | NR | IG: 11.6 (8.0) | Yoga | 10 weeks, action duration 30–90 s, 60 min per week | ||
| CG = 49 | 6 M and 43 W | CG: 48.8 (11) | NR | CG: 10.6 (8.2) | Usual care | |||
| Gervasoni et al. (36) | IG = 15 | NR | IG: 49.6 (9.4) | NR | IG: 14.5 (9.7) | Treadmill | 2 weeks, 45 min, 11–12 RPE intensity, completed 10–12 times in 2 weeks | BBS and FSS |
| CG = 15 | NR | CG: 45.7 (8.9) | NR | CG: 15.5 (10.3) | Usual care | |||
| Eftekharsadat et al. (37) | IG = 15 | 5 M and 10 W | IG: 33.4 (8.1) | NR | IG: 5.8 (3.9) | Stability training | 12 weeks, 20 min, 2 times/week | BBS and TUG |
| CG = 15 | 3 M and 12 W | CG: 37.0 (8.3) | NR | CG: 8.3 (4.3) | Usual care | |||
| Gheitasi et al. (38) | IG = 15 | 15 M | IG: 30.6 (5.3) | IG: 4.6 (1.6) | IG: 5.5 (1.1) | Pilates | 12 weeks, 60 min, 3 times/week | TUG |
| CG = 15 | 15 M | CG: 32.1 (6.3) | CG: 4.5 (1.1) | CG: 4.0 (1.0) | Usual care | |||
| Hogan et al. (39) | IG = 35 | 15 M and 20 W | IG: 52.0 (11.0) | NR | IG: 13.0 (8.0) | Personal balance training | 10 weeks, 60 min per week | MFIS, BBS, and 6MWT |
| IG = 48 | 18 M and 30 W | IG: 57.0 (10.0) | NR | IG: 18.0 (9.0) | Group balance training | 10 weeks, 60 min per week | ||
| IG = 13 | 5 M and 8 W | IG: 58.0 (8.0) | NR | IG: 15.0 (8.0) | Yoga | 10 weeks, 60 min per week | ||
| CG = 15 | 2 M and 13 W | CG: 49.0 (6.0) | NR | CG: 10.0 (3.0) | Usual care | |||
| Kargarfard et al. (40) | IG = 17 | NR | IG: 36.5 (9.0) | IG: 3.4 (1.1) | IG: 6.4 (2.3) | Water sports | 8 weeks, 30–40 min | 6MWT, BBS, MFIS, and MSQOL-54 |
| CG = 15 | NR | CG: 36.2 (7.4) | CG: 3.7 (1.0) | CG: 6.1 (2.0) | Usual care | |||
| Learmont et al. (42) | IG = 20 | 5 M and 15 W | IG: 51.4 (8.06) | IG: 6.1 (0.4) | IG: 13.4 (6.4) | Aerobic, resistance, and balance training | 12 weeks, 45–60 min | 6MWT, BBS, TUG, and FSS |
| CG = 12 | 4 M and 8 W | CG: 51.8 (8.0) | CG: 5.8 (0.5) | CG: 12.6 (8.1) | Usual care | |||
| Najafi et al. (43) | IG = 28 | 28 W | IG: 38.4 (4.6) | IG: 2.5 (1.2) | NR | Stability training | 8 weeks, 60–80 min, 3 times/week | TUG and BBS |
| CG = 28 | 28 W | CG: 36.4 (3.5) | CG: 2.4 (0.8) | NR | Usual care | |||
| Negahban et al. (44) | IG = 12 | NR | IG: 36.7 (6.7) | IG: 3.5 (1.1) | IG: 8.5 (6.8) | Strength training | 5 weeks, 30 min, 3 times/week | FSS, BBS, and TUG |
| CG = 12 | NR | CG: 36.8 (8.7) | CG: 3.8 (1.4) | CG: 7.2 (2.9) | Usual care | |||
| Ozkul et al. (45) | IG = 17 | 4 M and 13 W | IG: 35.9 (9.7) | IG: 1.5 (0.7) | IG: 7.2 (6.1) | Pilates | 8 weeks, 50–60 min, 60–80 maximum heart rate, 3 times per week | 6MWT and MSQOL-54 |
| CG = 17 | 4 M and 13 W | CG: 36.8 (9.0) | CG: 1.7 (0.9) | CG: 5.7 (4.9) | Usual care | |||
| Pan et al. (46) | IG = 30 | 8 M and 22 W | IG: 42.2 (5.1) | IG: 3.0 (0.7) | IG: 6.2 (2.3) | Baduanjin | 24 weeks, 60 min per day | BBS |
| IG = 30 | 9 M and 21 W | IG: 40.9 (4.8) | IG: 2.8 (0.9) | IG: 5.2 (2.0) | Yoga | 24 weeks, 60 min per day | ||
| CG = 20 | 6 M and 14 W | CG: 42.3 (4.5) | CG: 2.9 (0.8) | CG: 5.4 (2.8) | Usual care | |||
| Robinson et al. (47) | IG = 20 | 6 M and 14 W | IG: 52.6 (6.1) | NR | NR | Balance game | 4 weeks, 40–60 min, 2 times/week | FSS and MSWS-12 |
| IG = 19 | 7 M and 12 W | IG: 53.9 (6.5) | NR | NR | Balance training | 4 weeks, 40–60 min, 2 times/week | ||
| CG = 17 | 5 M and 12 W | CG: 51.9 (4.7) | NR | NR | Usual care | |||
| Romberg et al. (48) | IG = 47 | 17 M and 30 W | IG: 43.8 (6.3) | NR | IG: 6.0 (6.5) | Combination training | 26 weeks, 3–4 times/week | MSQOL-54 |
| CG = 48 | 17 M and 31 W | CG: 43.9 (7.1) | NR | CG: 5.5 (6.4) | Usual care | |||
| Sokhangu et al. (49) | IG = 10 | 10 W | IG: 38.7 (7.2) | IG: 1.8 (0.7) | IG: 4.2 (2.1) | Strength training | 8 weeks, 60 min, 8–15 times per action, 3 times per week | BBS |
| CG = 10 | 10 W | CG: 40.1 (5.6) | CG: 1.9 (0.7) | CG: 4.4 (2.0) | Usual care | |||
| Sosnoff et al. (50) | IG = 13 | 3 M and 10 W | IG: 60.1 (6.3) | IG: 5.5 (2.5) | IG: 13.9 (6.7) | Balance training | 12 weeks, 1–3 groups, 8–12 times, 45–60 min | TUG, 6MWT, BBS, and MSWS-12 |
| CG = 14 | 3 M and 11 W | CG: 60.1 (6.0) | 5.5 (3.5) | 17.7 (11.3) | Usual care | |||
| Straudi et al. (51) | IG = 8 | 4 M and 4 W | IG: 49.6 (12.0) | IG: 5.8 (0.8) | IG: 17.1 (12.0) | Gait practice | 6 weeks, 30 min, 2 times/week | 6MWT and TUG |
| CG = 8 | 1 M and 7 W | CG: 60.0 (8.8) | CG: 5.7 (0.7) | CG: 18.6 (10.8) | Usual care | |||
| Tarakci et al. (52) | IG = 51 | 17 M and 34 W | IG: 41.5 (9.4) | IG: 4.9 (1.4) | IG: 9.0 (4.7) | Balance training | 12 weeks, 60 min, 3 times/week | BBS and FSS |
| CG = 48 | 18 M and 30 W | CG: 39.7 (11.2) | CG: 4.2 (1.4) | CG: 8.4 (5.4) | Usual care | |||
| Tollár et al. (53) | IG = 14 | 2 M and 12 W | IG: 48.2 (5.5) | NR | IG: 12.1 (2.7) | Agility training | 5 weeks, 60 min, 5 times/week | BBS and 6MWT |
| IG = 14 | 2 M and 12 W | IG: 46.9 (6.5) | NR | IG: 13.6 (4.1) | Balance training | 5 weeks, 60 min, 5 times/week | ||
| IG = 14 | 2 M and 12 W | IG: 48.1 (5.7) | NR | IG: 13.2 (4.4) | Bicycle | 5 weeks, 60 min, 5 times/week | ||
| CG = 12 | 1 M and 11 W | CG: 44.4 (6.8) | NR | CG: 14.0 (4.11) | Usual care | |||
| Grubić Kezele et al. (41) | IG = 13 | 5 M and 8 W | IG: 50.0 (9.3) | IG: 3.8 (1.8) | NR | Strength training | 8 weeks, 60 min, 2 times/week | MFIS |
| CG = 11 | 5 M and 6 W | CG: 53.8 (13.8) | CG: 4.0 (2.0) | NR | Usual care | |||
| Yazgan et al. (54) | IG = 15 | 2 M and 13 W | IG: 47.5 (10.5) | IG: 4.2 (1.4) | IG: 12.1 (6.6) | Balance game | 8 weeks, 60 min, 2 times/week | BBS, TUG, and FSS |
| IG = 12 | 12 W | IG: 43.1 (8.7) | IG: 3.8 (1.5) | IG: 14.9 (6.6) | Balance training | 8 weeks, 60 min, 2 times/week | ||
| CG = 15 | 2 M and 13 W | CG: 40.7 (8.8) | CG: 4.1 (1.3) | CG: 11.1 (5.1) | Usual care | |||
| Young et al. (56) | IG = 27 | 5 M and 22 W | IG: 49.7 (9.4) | NR | IG: 13.6 (8.3) | Strength training | 12 weeks, 60 min, 3 times/week | TUG and 6MWT |
| IG = 26 | 6 M and 20 W | IG: 48.4 (10.0) | NR | IG: 11.0 (5.6) | Yoga | 12 weeks, 60 min, 3 times/week | ||
| CG = 28 | 4 M and 24 W | CG: 47.3 (10.3) | NR | CG: 13.4 (8.5) | Usual care | |||
| Kargarfard et al. (57) | IG = 10 | NR | IG: 33.7 (8.6) | IG: 2.9 (0.9) | IG: 4.9 (2.3) | Aquatic exercise | 8 weeks, 60 minutes, 3 times/week | MFIS |
| CG = 11 | NR | CG: 31.6 (7.7) | CG: 3.0 (0.7) | CG: 4.6 (1.9) | Usual care | |||
| Nilsagård et al. (55) | IG = 41 | 10 M and 31 W | IG: 50.0 (11.5) | NR | IG: 12.5 (8.0) | Balance training | 6 weeks, 30 min, 2 times/week | TUG and MSWS-12 |
| CG = 39 | 10 M and 29 W | CG: 49.4 (11.1) | NR | CG: 12.2 (9.2) | Usual care | |||
| Ahadi et al. (63) | IG = 10 | 10 W | IG: 50.0 (11.5) | NR | NR | Running | 8 weeks, 30 min, 3 times/week | MSQOL-54 |
| IG = 11 | 11 W | IG: 50.0 (11.5) | NR | NR | Yoga | 8 weeks, 30 min, 3 times/week | ||
| CG = 10 | 10 W | CG: 49.4 (11.1) | NR | NR | Usual care | |||
| Abadi Marand et al. (61) | IG = 32 | 17 M and 15 W | IG: 40.4 (6.0) | IG: 4.1 (1.1) | IG: 14.4 (5.2) | Balance training | 5 weeks, 60–70 min, 3 times/week | BBS, TUG, and MSWS-12 |
| CG = 32 | 18 M and 14 W | CG: 40.7 (6.2) | CG: 3.8 (1.0) | CG: 12.8 (5.9) | Usual care | |||
| Monjezi et al. (59) | IG = 17 | 3 M and 14 W | IG: 38.1 (9.5) | IG: 4.8 (1.0) | IG: 9.7 (6.3) | Balance Training | 4 weeks, 20 min, 3 times/week | BBS and TUG |
| CG = 17 | 3 M and 14 W | CG: 35.1 (8.0) | CG: 4.6 (0.7) | CG: 8.9 (5.2) | Usual care | |||
| Vural et al. (62) | IG = 10 | 2 M and 8 W | IG: 16.3 (1.6) | IG: 1.2 (0.8) | IG: 2.3 (1.2) | Combination training | 8 weeks, 60 min, 2 times/week | FSS, TUG, and 6MWT |
| IG = 10 | 2 M and 8 W | IG: 16.3 (1.6) | IG: 1.2 (0.8) | IG: 2.3 (1.2) | Combination training | 32 weeks, 60 min, 2 times/week | ||
| CG = 10 | 1 M and 9 W | CG: 17.4 (1.8) | CG: 1.7 (0.8) | CG: 2.3 (1.7) | Usual care | |||
| Lysogorska et al. (58) | IG = 15 | 5 M and 10 W | IG: 39.0 (10.4) | NR | IG: 12.6 (8.4) | Yoga | 12 weeks, 60–75 min, 2 times/week | BBS and 6MWT |
| IG = 9 | 9 W | IG: 46.1 (10.3) | NR | IG: 18.1 (12.3) | Combination training | 12 weeks, 60–75 min, 2 times/week | ||
| CG = 12 | 1 M and 11 W | CG: 46.2 (10.4) | NR | CG: 18.5 (7.9) | Usual care | |||
| Riemenschneider et al. (60) | IG = 42 | 13 M and 29 W | IG: 37.3 (10.1) | IG: 1.4 (0.9) | IG: 0.9 (0.6) | Interval training | 24 weeks, 30–60 min, 2 times/week | 6MWT and MSWS-12 |
| IG = 42 | 13 M and 29 W | IG: 37.3 (10.1) | IG: 1.4 (0.9) | IG: 0.9 (0.6) | Interval training | 48 weeks, 30–60 min, 2 times/week | ||
| CG = 42 | 8 M and 34 W | CG: 37.4 (9.7) | CG: 1.8 (1.1) | CG: 0.9 (0.6) | Usual care |
Characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis.
IG, intervention group; CG, control group; M, male; W, woman; NR, no report; TUG, timed up and go test; BBS, Berg balance scale; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; MSIS-12, The 12-Item MS Walking Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; MFIS, modified fatigue impact scale; MSQOL-54, Quality of Life−54 Questionnaire.
Data were presented as mean (standard deviation).
Meta-analysis results
Effects of exercise on balance in people with MS
The balance of people with MS was detected by BBS and TUG, with 20 studies providing BBS data and 20 studies providing TUG data. Our results showed that exercise had a significant effect on improving BBS (WMD, 3.77; 95% CI, 3.01 to 4.53, P < 0.00001, I2 = 50%, Figure 2) and TUG (WMD, −1.33; 95% CI, −1.57 to −1.08, P < 0.00001, I2 = 34%, Figure 3) in people with MS.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Effects of exercise on walking ability and walking endurance in people with MS
MSWS-12 was used to test walking ability and 6MWT was used to test walking endurance of people with MS. It was found that exercise had a significant effect on improving MSWS-12 (WMD, −2.57; 95% CI, −3.99 to −1.15, P = 0.0004, I2 = 19%, Figure 4) and 6MWT (WMD, 25.56; 95% CI, 16.34 to 34.79, P < 0.00001, I2 = 47%, Figure 5) in people with MS.
Figure 4
Figure 5
Effects of exercise on fatigue in people with MS
The fatigue of people with MS was detected by FSS and MFIS. As shown in Figure 6, exercise had a significant effect on improving fatigue in people with MS (WMD, −4.34; 95% CI, −5.83 to −2.84, P < 0.00001, I2 = 79%).
Figure 6
Effects of exercise on quality of life in people with MS
The fatigue of people with MS was detected by MSQOL-54. As shown in Figure 7, exercise had a significant effect on improving MSQOL-54 in people with MS (WMD, 11.80; 95% CI, 5.70 to 17.90, P = 0.0002, I2 = 66%).
Figure 7
Our meta-analysis results showed high heterogeneity in fatigue (I2 = 78%) and quality of life (I2 = 66%), to explain the heterogeneity between included studies and find modifiable factors of exercise, meta-regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were further performed.
Meta-regression analysis
Meta-regression analyses were performed on intervention characteristics (duration of intervention, weekly time, and session duration) and participant characteristics (age and disease duration). There was no significant association between age (P = 0.782), duration of intervention (P = 0.124), weekly time (P = 0.730), session duration (P = 0.124), or disease duration (P = 0.559) and fatigue (Supplementary Figure 1). In addition, no significant associations were observed between duration of intervention (P = 0.086), weekly time (P = 0.583), session duration (P = 0.878), age (P = 0.172), or disease duration (P = 0.289) and quality of life (Supplementary Figure 2).
Subgroup analysis
Fatigue
We conducted three different subgroup analyses by participants' age, type of fatigue detection, and type of intervention. Subgroup analysis indicated that a younger age was associated with larger improvement in fatigue (young, age <45, WMD, −6.67; 95% CI, −9.57 to −3.60, P < 0.0001, I2 = 91%; middle-aged and older adult, age ≥ 45, WMD, −1.76; 95% CI, −3.29 to −0.24, P = 0.02, I2 = 22%, Supplementary Figure 3).
Stratifying the analysis by type of fatigue detection, the improvement in fatigue scores remained significant in FSS (WMD, −2.75; 95% CI, −4.27 to −1.24, P = 0.0004, I2 = 81%) and MFIS (WMD, −5.84; 95% CI, −9.28 to −2.40, P = 0.0009, I2 = 65%, Supplementary Figure 4).
In addition, aerobic exercise (WMD, −7.07; 95% CI, −11.25 to −2.88, P = 0.0009, I2 = 81%), resistance exercise (WMD, −8.03; 95% CI, −11.84 to −4.22, P < 0.0001, I2 = 0%), and multicomponent training (WMD, −2.54; 95% CI, −4.44 to −0.65, P = 0.009, I2 = 80%) were effective in improving fatigue in people with MS, with resistance exercise being the most effective intervention type (Supplementary Figure 5).
Quality of life
We conducted a subgroup analysis by type of intervention. Aerobic exercise (WMD, 11.68; 95% CI, 5.31 to 18.05, P = 0.0003, I2 = 0%) and multicomponent training (WMD, 7.28; 95% CI, 2.77 to 11.79, P = 0.002, I2 = 24%) were effective in improving quality of life in people with MS, with aerobic exercise being the most effective intervention type (Supplementary Figure 6).
Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analyses showed that there is no change in the direction or level of compatibility of the overall effect of exercise on fatigue (Supplementary Figure 7) and quality of life (Supplementary Figure 8) in people with MS when any of the included studies are omitted.
Risk of bias
The quality of included studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration tool in terms of selection bias, performance bias, attrition bias, reporting bias, detection bias, and other bias (Supplementary Figure 9). The results of PEDro scale showed that of the 40 included studies, 39 were of good quality and one was of fair quality (Supplementary Table 2).
Publication bias
Possible publication bias was assessed by examining the funnel plot (Supplementary Figure 10). Visual inspection of the funnel plot suggested the absence of funnel plot asymmetry. The results of the egger's test indicated that the small sample size studies were not enough to affect the final results (TUG, P = 0.575; BBS, P = 0.705; 6MWT, P = 0.586; MSWS-12, P = 0.137; quality of life, P = 0.791; Supplementary Table 3), with the exception of fatigue (P = 0.002). Therefore, we performed the Dsuval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure, and the results indicated that no evidence of publication bias was found for fatigue.
Discussion
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, exercise significantly improved balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, and quality of life in people with MS. Subgroup analyses showed that a younger age was associated with larger improvement in fatigue. In addition, resistance exercise and aerobic exercise were the most effective interventions for improving fatigue and quality of life, respectively.
Loss of balance and walking ability are two of the primary impairments of MS that leads to increased fatigue perception and disease severity, and loss of autonomy (13). Imbalance, gait dysfunction and falls are common in people with MS, with the overwhelming majority having abnormal postural control and gait even early in the course of the disease. It has been reported that 50–80% people with MS have balance and gait dysfunction and over 50% fall at least once each year (64). Exercise has been shown to improve physical function and psychological rehabilitation in people with MS, and to help reduce the risk of falls (65, 66). Our study showed that exercise significantly improved balance function (TUG and BBS) in people with MS, which was consistent with a previous study (13), showing that the combination of resistance and aerobic exercise training is effective in improving balance in people with MS and supports functional and psychological therapeutic effects through exercise. In addition, a meta-analysis showed that yoga was the best intervention to improve static and dynamic balance, and aquatic training was the best intervention to improve walking ability in people with MS (67). The mechanisms by which exercise improves balance may be that exercise improves neurological control of muscles, increases unconscious deliberate muscle responses to dynamic joint stabilization signals, and enhances core area muscle strength to strengthen body stability.
Our results showed that exercise significantly improved walking ability (MSWS-12) and walking endurance (6MWT) in people with MS, which was in agreement with previous studies, showing that aerobic exercise, aquatic exercise, virtual reality training, and assisted gait training significantly improved walking ability (67–69), as well as that Pilates, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, high-intensity training, and intermittent walking training significantly improved walking endurance in people with MS (28, 68, 70–72). Furthermore, fast-velocity concentric resistance training may have a greater effect on walking endurance with greater neural adaptations in a shorter period of time (28). A meta-analysis showed that walking training programs significantly improved functional ability (mobility, walking endurance, and gait speed), possibly due to improved walking economy (68). The mechanisms by which exercise improves walking ability and walking endurance in people with MS may be improvements in maximal oxygen uptake, muscular strength, and fitness. The increase in muscle strength is due to improved firing and synchronization of motor units and improved synergistic coordination of agonists and antagonists (73). Moreover, another mechanism may be increased bilateral symmetry, which reduces the amount of time the lower limbs are supported on the ground (74).
Early fatigue in people with MS presents with common symptoms such as decreased endurance and muscle strength (75). Statistically, fatigue affects approximately two-thirds of people with MS (76). Current evidence suggests that pharmacological interventions are largely ineffective and that exercise significantly reduces fatigue in people with MS (77, 78). Our results showed that exercise significantly improved fatigue in people with MS, which was consistent with the results of Taul-Madsen et al. (79), showing that aerobic exercise is effective in reducing perceived fatigue in people with MS. The mechanism by which exercise improves fatigue may be an improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, which increases available energy reserve and reduces fatigue. In addition, exercise may induce upregulation of neuroendocrine growth factor secretion, which increases neuronal plasticity and thus may improve compensatory cortical activation (80, 81). Furthermore, exercise-induced upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines may have beneficial effects on fatigue (82–84).
Resistance exercise has been reported to be an effective intervention to ameliorate physical and generalized fatigue and result in significant changes in muscle strength and postural stability (85). Subgroup analysis showed that aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and multicomponent training were effective in improving fatigue in people with MS, with resistance exercise being the most effective intervention type, which may be due to the fact that resistance exercise is well-tolerated in people with MS, restores the ability to respond quickly to stimuli, and improves autonomy when walking (13). Previous studies have shown that motor and cognitive function deteriorate with age in adult people with MS and that older people with MS exhibit worse cognitive performance (86–89). Therefore, we conducted a subgroup analysis based on the participants' age and the results showed that a younger age was associated with larger improvement in fatigue. Horton et al. (90) showed that with age, people with MS develop a sedentary lifestyle, which increases the risk of secondary disease. Although exercise is an effective therapy, dyskinesia is common in older adult patients. Increased fatigue is a severe barrier when exercise energy expenditure is relatively high, and older patients can lose confidence in their ability to exercise and may feel at risk of injury, especially when exercise equipment is involved (91–94).
In addition, exercise significantly improved the quality of life in people with MS, which was consistent with a previous study, showing that exercise seems to be the most effective way to improve the quality of life in people with MS by increasing strength and balance, thereby reducing the risk of falls (94). Previous studies have shown that multicomponent training is well-tolerated and can effective in improving the quality of life in people with MS (13), and that group exercise is an effective intervention for people with MS to cope with fatigue, with the Baduanjin playing a more prominent role in improving the quality of life through respiration and psychology (46). Improvements in quality of life may be related to exercise-induced increases in fitness, mobility, balance, muscle strength, and sleep quality (53, 95). Subgroup analysis showed that aerobic exercise and multicomponent training were effective in improving quality of life, with aerobic exercise being the most effective intervention type, which was in agreement with previous studies, showing that aerobic exercise increases aerobic capacity and improves physical and mental health, thereby enhancing functional independence and fatigue resistance in people with MS (96). In addition, aerobic exercise may stimulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and activate the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, which leads to the release of acetylcholine, resulting in a sedative effect (97).
Strengths and limitations of this systematic review
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we included studies on the effect of exercise on balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, and quality of life in people with MS, and excluded studies where participants in the control group received exercise interventions, which can better reflect the effect of exercise interventions. Our findings provide an alternative treatment strategy for people with MS, clinically recommending engagement in resistance exercise and aerobic exercise, respectively, to alleviate fatigue and enhance quality of life.
However, this study has some limitations that should be noted. First, the heterogeneity between each of the original studies is unavoidable (the proportion of male and female participants from different regions, the age of subjects, etc.), which may affect the scientific validity of the meta-analysis. Second, many of the included studies had small sample sizes, which may have had some impact on the results. Finally, it was not possible to exclude a placebo effect, as blinding could not be performed during the exercise intervention. Future reviews could reduce the heterogeneity between included studies by restricting the inclusion criteria more strictly.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis revealed that exercise had beneficial effects in improving balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, and quality of life in people with MS. The effect of exercise on improving fatigue was associated with the age of the participants, with the younger the age, the greater the improvement in fatigue. To improve fatigue and quality of life, this meta-analysis provides clinicians with evidence to recommended that people with MS participate in resistance exercise and aerobic exercise, respectively.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Author contributions
LD: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. HX: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing. SZ: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing. YZ: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. XT: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. YL: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. XH: Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Software, Writing – review & editing. LY: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC3600201) and the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2021QN001 and 2022QN015).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1387658/full#supplementary-material
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Summary
Keywords
exercise, multiple sclerosis, balance, walking ability, walking endurance, fatigue, quality of life
Citation
Du L, Xi H, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Tao X, Lv Y, Hou X and Yu L (2024) Effects of exercise in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health 12:1387658. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1387658
Received
18 February 2024
Accepted
26 March 2024
Published
10 April 2024
Volume
12 - 2024
Edited by
Feng Jiang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Reviewed by
Ylva Nilsagård, University Research Health Care Center, Sweden
Mehmet Özkeskin, Ege University, Türkiye
Lin Luo, Guizhou Normal University, China
Cagla Ozkul, Gazi University, Türkiye
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Du, Xi, Zhang, Zhou, Tao, Lv, Hou and Yu.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Laikang Yu yulaikang@126.comXiao Hou houxiao0327@bsu.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
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