- 1Department of Mathematics, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- 2Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Introduction: This work focuses on the Dengue-viremia ABC (Atangana-Baleanu Caputo) fractional-order differential equations, accounting for both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected cases. Symptomatic cases are characterized by higher viremia levels, whereas asymptomatic cases exhibit lower viremia levels. The fractional-order model highlights memory effects and other advantages over traditional models, offering a more comprehensive representation of dengue dynamics.
Methods: The total population is divided into four compartments: susceptible, asymptomatic infected, symptomatic infected, and recovered. The model incorporates an immune-boosting factor for asymptomatic infected individuals and clinical treatment for symptomatic cases. Positivity and boundedness of the model are validated, and both local and global stability analyses are performed. The novel Adams-Bash numerical scheme is utilized for simulations to rigorously assess the impact of optimal control interventions.
Results: The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies. The reproduction numbers must be reduced based on specific optimal control conditions to effectively mitigate disease outbreaks. Numerical simulations confirm that the optimal control measures can significantly reduce the spread of the disease.
Discussion: This research advances the understanding of Dengue-viremia dynamics and provides valuable insights into the application of ABC fractional-order analysis. By incorporating immune-boosting and clinical treatment into the model, the study offers practical guidelines for implementing successful disease control strategies. The findings highlight the potential of using optimal control techniques in public health interventions to manage disease outbreaks more effectively.
1 Introduction
Worldwide, thousands of dengue cases are reported every year. The world's tropical and subtropical regions are affected by dengue infection, which is a mosquito-carrying disease. A high temperature and flu-like symptoms are signs of mild illness or asymptomatic to stern disease. DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) or DSS (Dengue Show Syndromes Syndromes) is a highly infectious form of dengue fever that causes serious bleeding, shock, and death. Generally, it was noticed that only one out of four dengue contagions is symptomatic. Dengue virus occurs in four major types (DENV types 1, 2, 3, and 4), all of which can cause serious illness. The usual signs of DENV type 1 are like a common cold and mild fever, which will not lead directly to DHF; conversely, later DENV types can lead to DHF (1–3).
To understand the dynamical behavior of dengue transmission, we formulated a mathematical model, particularly focusing on vector-borne disease transmission from mosquitoes to humans. Esteva and Vargas (4, 5) pioneered the creation of a fundamental dengue model and explored numerous fundamental mathematical concepts and their accompanying numerical simulations. Feng et al. (6) presented a two-strain dengue infection model and examined competitive exclusion. Researchers have conducted numerous studies to better understand the transmission of dengue fever (7–9).
The importance of fractional-order models lies in their ability to capture the complex dynamics and long-term dependencies within the transmission process. By incorporating fractional derivatives, these models provide a more comprehensive understanding of disease spread, which is crucial for designing effective intervention strategies. The fractional-order models can accommodate the nuanced behavior of dengue transmission, offering insights that integer-order models may overlook, thereby enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of disease control measures.
The fractional order model has been conclusively demonstrated by a recent study to be capable of controlling the trend of complex diffusion disorder (10–14). Many have emphasized various mathematical models for Dengue transmission and prevention (15–19). All cited references explain the transmission process of Dengue infection from different perspectives, including dynamic analysis, evaluation of vaccination, and optimal control measures (20–24). The most updated studies on Dengue with real-life data are presented in (25, 26). The mathematical description of Dengue is briefly described in Deterministic and Stochastic terms. The evolution of dengue with asymptomatic carriers using optimal control measures was investigated in (27).
Therefore, motivated by the aforementioned literature, we propose a computational framework for the dissemination of dengue at a given viremia level. We investigated whether symptom-free people were markedly more susceptible to mosquitoes than clinically symptom-positive patients. The new idea of a mathematical model to analyse the immune-boosting factor for asymptomatic infected cases and the waning immunity that cases re-infect is reported. To make practical applications and simulations easier, we utilize the Adams-Bash forth numerical scheme, which is renowned for its accuracy and stability. This choice ensures that our model reflects real-world scenarios while maintaining computational efficacy. A key highlight of this study is the incorporation of optimal control strategies into the ABC fractional order Dengue viremia model. These strategies are designed to explore how interventions, such as self-prevention and vector control, can be optimized to curtail disease spread. The analysis extends to investigating disease-free and endemic stability, providing crucial insights into the long-term behavior of the system under various control scenarios.
This article is prepared as follows: In portion 2, we review the fundamental definitions for the fractional-order operator and provide a list of mathematical properties that were used throughout the work. The dengue viral mathematical model with fractional order was presented in portion 3. Portion 4 examines the local as well as global consistency of the suggested model through the Routh-Hurwitz criteria and the Lyapunov function. An optimal control solution and discussion are present in portion 5. The final section focuses on numerical simulations and a comprehensive conclusion.
2 Fundamental results
This section introduces fractional derivation and some of its properties, which will be used in the following components.
Definition 2.1.
Consider ψ ∈ ℍ′ (0, T) and η ∈ [0, ȶ], then Atangana-Baleanu fraction component in Caputo case is
The method yields a variation operator Caputo-Fabrizio that replaces
It's noteworthy that [constant] = 0. Here is the typical function and it is defined as and . depict the familiar Mittag–Leffler operator, it also reflects the exponential function generality.
Definition 2.2.
The fractional integral of with order η given by
Lemma 2.1.
Consider a fractional-order system
Where ηϵ(0, 1) in the initial case
If fulfills the Lipschitz condition in relation to x, then system (Equation 3) exhibits a unique solution in the region [t0, +∞) × φ and φ ⊆ ℝn.
Lemma 2.2.
If become an ongoing and attainable consequence. Then
Here t > t0, η ϵ (0, 1) and
3 Evaluation of dengue dynamics
In this section, we expand upon the previously described Dengue SIR-SI model (18) by incorporating additional factors and refining the classification of both human and mosquito populations. Our model includes viremia levels, an immune-boosting factor for asymptomatic infected cases, and clinical treatment for symptomatic infected cases.
To study the mode of spread of dengue sickness, the human species () is subdivided into four classes: susceptible (Ȿ𝔥), symptomatic infectious (𝔗Ȿ𝔥), asymptomatic infectious and recovered human populations (𝔎𝔥). We classified female mosquito species into Susceptible (Ȿ𝔪) and infective mosquitoes (𝔗𝔪). A Susceptible individual among as one who is not infected and immune, infected humans are both asymptomatic and symptomatic are those who have acquired Dengue viremia from an infected mosquito populations and are all capable of spreading dengue virus to susceptible mosquitoes. Let we examines π𝔥 and π𝔪 the acquisition rates of humans and mosquitoes. The proposed model, illustrated in the flowchart, demonstrates the dengue transmission dynamics. Based on Figure 1, we developed the following differential equation.
Where
α𝔪- individual mosquito‘s biting rate
χⱾ𝔥- Dissemination to human by mosquitoes, which leads to a symptomatic infectious in humans
- Dissemination to human by mosquitoes, which leads to a asymptomatic infectious in humans
χ𝔪 - Viremia dissemination to mosquito by human species
δ𝔥 - Human Fatality rate
τ - Symptomatic infected human treatment rate
γ - Recovering rate.
θ - Transition rate at which a recovered person becomes defenseless due to loss of immunity
ϱ − Rates of immunosuppression for asymptomatic victims
δ𝔪 - Rate of mosquito natural mortality (an average mosquito life span)
From the basic cases
In this approach, the aggregate human and mosquito population ratios are provided by
In addition, the area of biologically significance for the aforementioned dengue model is indicated and presented by the covered set
A fractional representation of the 𝔄𝔅ℭ model as
A fractional derivation of Atangana-Baleanu of order 0 < η < 1 is denoted in Caputo notation.
4 Model analysis
This section examines the validity, singularity and positive variance of the solution of the SIR-SI type model. Additionally, a reliability estimate for Model (Equation 6) has also been developed.
4.1 Existence and uniqueness
Theorem 4.1.
For each non- negative initial stage , then there survives a oneness solution of fractional order model (Equation 6).
Proof
Let , .
Define a mapping
and
Where
For any we have
Where
Basically, since satisfies the Lipschitz requirement. Model (Equation 6) has a singular solution based on Lemma 1.
4.2 Positivity solution
Since system (Equation 6) deals with mosquitoes and populace, all components of system are positive. Following is our discussion:
Theorem 4.2.
Let (Ȿ𝔥, 𝔗Ȿ𝔥, , 𝔎𝔥, Ȿ𝔪, 𝔗𝔪) > 0 be represent the system (Equation 6) solution for the primary points and represents an immutable set
, then, all elements of the closed set
Φ is traveling in space is positive invariant.
Proof
The given equation is used to construct the Lyapunov function:
The function 𝕃(ȶ) satisfies
Therefore, it is simple to demonstrate Equation 7 as regards:
Inferring from the above equations, which indicates that f is positively stable collection. On the other hand, by solving system (Equation 6)
Where 𝕃1(0) and 𝕃2(0) are the primary states of 𝕃1(ȶ) and 𝕃2(ȶ) respectively. Therefore, t → ∞, and we can conclusion that Φ is a desirable set.
This establishes the theorem.
4.3 Basic reproduction value
Let be the contagious free equilibrium of Equation 6. We have . The algorithm of the next iteration matrix is utilized to estimate . Obviously, the infected compartments are 𝔗Ȿ𝔥, and 𝔗𝔪 as a consequence of Equation 6. There are
Then we derive
The basic reproduction value is given by
Where denote the spectral radius. Surmise that represents the endemic equilibrium for Equation 6. So that
Where and u5 = u1u2 (θ + δ𝔥) δ𝔪.
4.4 Local stability
In this part, we are covering the analysis of firmness conditions of contagious free equilibrium and contagious persistence equilibrium points. A steady state analysis of this equilibrium results in the following Theorem 4.3 and Theorem 4.4.
The obtained Jacobian matrix is:
Theorem 4.3.
If the non - contagious equilibrium is locally stable.
Proof
The structure (Equation 6) in the Jacobian matrix of follows
To determine the eigenvalue from the above-described matrix
We obtain the Eigen values λ1 = −δ𝔥, λ2 = −(τ+γ+δ𝔥), λ3 = δ𝔪, λ4 = θ+δ𝔥 and the characteristic relation is
When it is obvious that λ5 < 1 and λ6 < 1, all the Eigen values satisfy the condition the without contagious equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable.
Theorem 4.4.
If , the equilibrium point is locally stable, then system (Equation 6) has ubiquitous contagion.
Proof
Jacobian matrix evaluated in static equilibrium:
We obtain the Eigen values are λ1 = (θ+δ𝔥), ,
and the characteristic relation
Where
By using Routh-Hurwitz Criteria (22, 23), if the following provisions are handling
Then is approximately stable locally. The evidence is conclusive.
4.5 Global stability
Theorem 4.5.
If the point of without contagious equilibrium is global stability on Φ.
Proof
Create a Lyapunov function 𝕍1(ȶ),
Calculating the fractional order derivatives of 𝕍1(ȶ) in the solution direction of Equation 6, from Lemma 2, we obtain
Substituting the reaction of without contagious free , we obtain:
It is clear that each term in Equation 15 must be negative. We have due to LaSalle's invariance principle (24), the function is required to be negative finite.
The maximally invariant sets , which is singleton contains the limit set for each solution. This demonstrates is globally asymptotically stable on Φ.
Theorem 4.6.
When the positive contagious equalization level of system (Equation 6) arises and is globally stable on Φ.
Proof
Let's create a lyapunov function of the following form
Hence, the condition in Equation 16 ensures
for all and strict the quality holds for and therefore the equilibrium point becomes globally stable on Φ.
5 Optimum control approach
In this portion, we will discuss how to optimize the problem and analyze the performance of the control function. Consolidation of optimal controlling problem a dynamics of control system can be described as system (Equation 6).
Where
𝕌1− Self-precaution (long sleeved pants and shorts, increase immune system, consultation at
the neatest health care) minimizes the susceptible individuals.
𝕌2− Use of chemical insecticide sprays destroying the susceptible and infected mosquito cases
The optimal solution being minimized could be expressed as:
To reduce the cost of two controls 𝕌1 and 𝕌2 the objective is reduced and S𝔪, 𝔗𝔪.
Therefore, we need to obtain optimal controls and
A set of constraints .
The expense of minimizing , Ȿ𝔪 and 𝔗𝔪 is represented by the term and respectively. Likewise, represents the cost for controls 𝕌1, 𝕌2. The most prevalent PMP can be used to find the adequacy condition required for the control system to be satisfied. Equations 17, 19 can be transformed into the following point-wise Hamiltonian ℍ for (𝕌1, 𝕌2) regression problem using the aforesaid principle.
Where and λ𝔗𝔪 are the ad-joint variable or co-state variable.
The conditions for transversality are
For From the interior of controls, we have:
From where:
5.1 Utilization of optimal solutions
Theorem 5.1. is a control factor can reduce over 𝕌 provided by
Where and λ𝔗𝔪 are co-state variable that satisfy the condition (Equations 17–24) in addition, the transversality characteristic that follows
And
Proof
To demonstrate the survival of optimal control solutions, the configuration of the Lipschitz criterion of the system and the convexity of the integral in Equation 21 are related and state variable that constrains 𝕌1 and 𝕌2 to the boundary of the state solution. So we employ PMP and get the following:
with,
The Hamilton can be differentiated with regard to achieve the conditional optimum:
The ad-joint system (Equations 20, 21) derived from Equation 17, the optimum system (Equation 23) is accessible from Equation 24. The optimal method is the constrained system (Equation 17) and its initial state is ad-joint the system includes (Equation 20), and condition for intersection.
6 Adams-Bash forth method
Here, we formulate the system of Equation 6 a recently invented numerical approach, the Adams-Bash forth method (24). The framework (Equation 6) can be used to test the essential theorem from fractional calculus,
Where,
The following structure is obtained at time t𝔫+ 1,
While, at t𝔫 we have
By subtracting Ȿ𝔥(ȶ𝔫) from Ȿ𝔥(ȶ𝔫+1), 𝔗Ȿ𝔥(ȶ𝔫) from 𝔗Ȿ𝔥(ȶ𝔫+1), from , 𝔎𝔥(ȶ𝔫) from 𝔎𝔥(ȶ𝔫+1), Ȿ𝔪(ȶ𝔫) from S𝔪(ȶ𝔫+1) and 𝔗𝔪(ȶ𝔫) from 𝔗𝔪(ȶ𝔫+1), we get the following
The Equations 47–52 become
Where
and