ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Environmental Health and Exposome
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1567747
This article is part of the Research TopicEnvironmental degradation, health, and socioeconomic impactsView all 19 articles
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease Attributable to Lead Exposure, 1990-2021: Decomposition, Frontier, and Projection Analysis
Provisionally accepted
Xinyue Wen1
Lichun Qiao2
Feidan Deng2
JingXuan Zhou3
Miaoqian Li2
Lin Wang4Huan Deng2
Abebe Feyissa Amhare5
Jing Han2
Yijie Guo1*- 1The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 2School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 3School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
- 4Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- 5The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading global health burden, with lead exposure identified as a significant environment risk factor contributing to its prevalence. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 were used to analyze deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of IHD due to lead exposure at global, regional, and national levels. Decomposition analysis, frontier analysis, and Bayesian age-period cohort (BAPC) models were applied to assess trends from 1990 to 2021. In 2021, deaths and DALYs attributable to lead exposure reached 590,370.03 and 11,854,611.43, respectively, though age-standardized rates (ASRs) declined. Males and the elderly exhibited higher ASRs. At regional level, South Asia had the highest number of deaths and DALYs, while North Africa and the Middle East had the highest ASRs. Certain countries showed increasing ASRs over time, with a negative correlation between socio-demographic index (SDI) and ASRs. Decomposition analysis identified that population growth as the primary driver of increasing deaths and DALYs, particularly in middle-SDI regions. Frontier analysis suggested that middle and low-SDI regions have the greater potential to reduce the IHD burden. BAPC projections indicated a global decrease in IHD burden due to lead exposure by 2050. The burden remains disproportionately high in males, the elderly and low- and middle-SDI regions, highlighting the need for targeted prevention and lead exposure control efforts in these populations.
Keywords: Ischemic Heart Disease, lead exposure, Global burden, death, DALYs, disability-adjusted life years
Received: 28 Jan 2025; Accepted: 28 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Wen, Qiao, Deng, Zhou, Li, Wang, Deng, Amhare, Han and Guo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yijie Guo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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