SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Children and Health
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1576101
Risk factors of neuroblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Provisionally accepted
- International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial tumour in childrenthe second most common type of solid tumour in children. Synthesizing and elucidating modifiable risk factors is fundamental to inform primary prevention of the diseaseNB. The objective is to review literature and synthesize risk factors for NB.PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched using lists of key words and MeSH terms related to exposures and risk of NB. Studies were included if they were casecontrol or cohort studies of children under the age of 20 years at diagnosis and reported Relative Risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Pooled effect sizes (ES) and 95% CIs for risk factors associated with NB were estimated using random-effects models.We included 50 eligible studies from Asia, Europe, and North America, and Oceania on cases of NB diagnosed between 1964 and 2016. We observed associations for maternal occupational exposure to pesticides during preconception / pregnancy (ES 1.62, CI 1.04 -2.54), high birthweight ((>4000g) ES 1.21, CI 1.02-1.42), and Caesarean section (ES 1.14, CI 1.00-1.30) and the risk of NB. Parental smoking showed a weak association, while Bbreastfeeding ≥6 months (ES 0.50, CI 0.30-0.84) was inversely associated with NB. Birth characteristics such as low birthweight (<2500 g), small and large-for-gestational age, gestation age <37 weeks and gestation age >40 weeks, and assisted reproductive technology were not associated with NB. Similarly, no associations were suggested for parental age, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia. Parental smoking or mMaternal alcohol consumption during preconception / pregnancy, maternal intake of vitamin and folic acid during pregnancy, paternal occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) exposures, and maternal Xray exposure during pregnancy were also not associated with the risk of NB. Paternal occupational and child's postnatal exposure to general pesticides were also not associated with NB.This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that maternal occupational exposure to pesticides during preconception / pregnancy, high birthweight, Caesarean section, and breastfeeding (beneficial) were associated with the risk of NB, but all associations were rather modest in strength. Synthesizing of these risk factors are needed to inform whether there are avenues for primary prevention of NB.
Keywords: Neuroblastoma, High birthweight, Caesarean Section, breastfeeding, Pesticides, systematic review and meta-analysis
Received: 13 Feb 2025; Accepted: 05 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Onyije, Dolatkhah, Olsson, Bouaoun and Schuz. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Felix M. Onyije, International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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