ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Health Economics
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1601112
This article is part of the Research TopicDiabetes Care Reform: Improve Health and Health EquityView all 9 articles
Association Between Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure and the Disease Burden of Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from GBD 2021
Provisionally accepted
- 1City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
- 2Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
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Objectives: As one of the most common chronic diseases, diabetes mellitus poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems. This study analyzes the relationship between out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure levels and the disease burden of diabetes mellitus, provides evidence-based recommendations for optimizing OOP expenditure strategies, and seeks to uncover any potential impact of healthcare inequalities on the disease burden of diabetes mellitus.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 36 countries with varying percentages of OOP payments from Health System in Transition. Data on Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), obesity rates, OOP expenditure as a percentage of current health expenditure (CHE), and urbanization levels were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, World Health Organization, and World Bank. Statistical analyses in RStudio included the Welch’s two-sample t-test and multiple linear regression. Results: High OOP expenditure countries exhibited significantly higher diabetes-related DALYs (M = 965.98) versus low OOP groups (M = 556.33, 95% CI [103.99–715.32], p = 0.01). Regression analysis identified that low OOP expenditure, higher obesity rates, and greater urbanization levels were significantly associated with diabetes-related DALYs (β = −419.67, β = 37.31, and β = 8.07, respectively; all p < 0.05), explaining 51% of the variance (R² = 0.51) with no evidence of multicollinearity (VIF < 2).Conclusions: This study shows that countries with high OOP expenditure tend to experience a significantly greater disease burden of diabetes mellitus, with obesity and urbanization levels being important correlates of diabetes-related DALYs.
Keywords: out-of-pocket expenditure, Diabetes Mellitus, disease burden, DALYs, GBD 2021
Received: 27 Mar 2025; Accepted: 30 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Dong and Dong. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Zhifu Dong, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
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