ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Injury Prevention and Control
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1620358
Global, regional and national patterns and gender disparity of intraocular foreign bodies from 1990 to 2021
Provisionally accepted
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- 2Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Purpose: To describe and evaluate the gender and socioeconomic disparities in the global burden of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) from 1990 to 2021.Methods: Gender-specific prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of IOFBs by year, age, geography and socioeconomic status were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank test and linear regression analysis to research the relationship between the age-standardized DALYs rate and gender difference (males minus females) and Socio-demographic Index (SDI).The total all-age prevalence and DALYs due to IOFBs rose by 41.9% and 35.5%, respectively, from 1990 to 2021, and the age-standardized prevalence and DALYs rates decreased by 15.2% and 19.6%. The IOFBs burden was greater among middle-aged and elderly men, especially in 45-49 years. The burden of IOFBs was concentrated in countries of Western Europe, East Asia, High-income North America and Southern Latin America. The age-standardized DALYs rates of males were significantly higher than those of females in all five SDI groups (p < 0.001) in 2021. Pearson's correlations (r =0.3093, p < 0.001) and linear regression (Y = 4.850*X -1.857) revealed a significant positive association between gender differences and SDI. The increase in the all-age DALYs of IOFBs was lowest compared with other eye diseases in GBD 2021. The IOFBs had the greatest gender-related differences compared with other eye disorders.The burden of IOFBs is higher among men in terms of age, region, and SDI categories. Male workers in regions with higher SDI should receive more attention. Measures are needed to improve eye protection and reduce eye injuries among males in the workplace.
Keywords: Intraocular foreign bodies, Global burden of disease, Prevalence, Disabilityadjusted life years, sociodemographic index
Received: 29 Apr 2025; Accepted: 16 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Hao, Shan, Chen, Xu and Jia. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Shangchen Hao, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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