ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Environmental Health and Exposome
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease Attributable to Environmental Risk Factors from 1990 to 2021: A Systematic Analysis Based on the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study
Provisionally accepted
- 1Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- 2Gongli Hospital, shanghai, China
- 3Tongji University School of Medicine, shanghai, China
Select one of your emails
You have multiple emails registered with Frontiers:
Notify me on publication
Please enter your email address:
If you already have an account, please login
You don't have a Frontiers account ? You can register here
Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) attributable to environmental factors is a global public health challenge. This study assesses the global burden of IHD due to environmental factors from 1990 to 2021 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data and projects trends to 2051. Methods: Data on the mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates of IHD attributable to environmental factors were extracted from GBD 2021. The age-period-cohort (APC) model was employed to assess the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on the burden of IHD related to environmental factors. Additionally, the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was utilized to project future trends in the disease burden of IHD through 2051. Results: In 2021, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) for IHD due to environmental factors were 39.70 (95% UI: 30.74,47.81) and 827.52 (95% UI: 648.13,987.15) per 100,000 population, respectively. Socio-demographic Index (SDI) was negatively correlated with ASMR and ASDR. APC analysis showed declining trends, while BAPC predicts ASMR and ASDR will decline by 53.67 (95% UI: 11.48, 95.86) and 986.76 (95% UI: 291.27, 1682.25) per 100,000 population by 2051. Conclusion: The number of mortality and DALYs associated with IHD due to environmental factors has exhibited an increasing trend globally. However, projections suggest a general decline in the ASMR and ASDR of IHD burden attributable to environmental factors by 2050. Ambient particulate matter and household air pollution are the predominant contributors to the global IHD burden.
Keywords: Ischemic Heart Disease, socio-demographic index, health inequality, global burden of disease 2021, Bayesian age-period-cohort model
Received: 22 May 2025; Accepted: 25 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Huang, Huang, Sun, lv and Zhao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yu Huang
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.