ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Children and Health
This article is part of the Research TopicBridging Racial, Economic, and Intersectional Equity Gaps in Developmental and Educational Psychology: The Key Roles of Caregivers and Early Childhood Interventions and ApproachesView all 3 articles
Everywhere and Every Day: The Impact of Navigating Racialization on Black German Children's Mental Health
Provisionally accepted
- 1Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- 2The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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Racism is a key social determinant of health that generates racial disparities in mental and physical health, including anxiety and depression, beginning early in life. Yet, the everyday mechanisms through which racialization, including microaggressions, institutionalized, and internalized racism, affect human development are not well understood, particularly outside of the United States. This study examines how racialization influences family-level dynamics and children's mental health and identity development in Germany, where race-evasive discourse obscures racism's structural dimensions. We conducted six focus group discussions with n = 29 Black parents of n = 45 Black children aged 6–15 years from across the country, using a community-participatory research design. Our qualitative analysis revealed three key findings. First, systemic racism impacts family-level mobility, resources, and stress across geographic, healthcare, educational, and public contexts. Second, parents report that children experience racialization daily from early childhood (i.e., beginning at birth) with cumulative effects on mental health and identity. Third, children display behavioral adaptations to racism, such as social and academic overperformance and attempts to counter dominant racialized norms. While these strategies may offer short-term protection from social and physical harm, they may come at the 2 cost of longer-term mental and physical health. Collectively, these findings indicate that racialization permeates the daily lives of Black German children from birth, shaping their development and mental health trajectories. Future mixed-methods and longitudinal research should examine these pathways to inform antiracist and communities-based interventions that promote children's well-being.
Keywords: Racism, Internalizing, Depression, Children, adolescents, Mental Health
Received: 03 Jul 2025; Accepted: 28 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Aikins, Ansah, Goosby and Raffington. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Laurel Raffington
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