ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Infectious Diseases: Epidemiology and Prevention
Accessibility of Pertussis Vaccine Immunization Services in Hubei Province from Supply–Demand Coupling Perspectives
Provisionally accepted
- 1Hubei Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
- 2China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- 3Daye Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Daye, China
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Background China consistently ranked among the top three global pertussis case contributors from 2021 to 2024. However, limited research on pertussis vaccine accessibility from a supply-demand perspective has hindered effective control. Methods A birth cohort-stratified survey was conducted in Hubei Province, China, from March to August 2024. Data on geographical, awareness, and economic accessibility of pertussis vaccination services were collected via electronic questionnaires and field surveys, targeting vaccination staffs (supply-side) and caregivers of eligible children (demand-side). Influencing factors were analyzed using χ² test , univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 1,350 vaccination staffs from 914 clinics and 1,098 caregivers of eligible children across 17 prefecture-level cities were effectively surveyed. Geographically, 80% of vaccination staffs reported their clinic's nearest clients lived within 2 km, and 89.89% of caregivers of eligible children traveled <30 minutes for vaccination. Average awareness rates were 72.92% (vaccination staffs) and 69.90% (caregivers of eligible children) (χ²=14.887, P<0.05). For vaccination staffs, female and those ≤30 years, with college+ education, senior titles or >15 years experience showed ≥2-fold higher odds of good awareness. Caregivers of eligible children with college education, medical jobs, urban residence, maternal/grand-maternal role, income ≥100,000 CNY or infants ≤12 m had 1.5-2.6 fold better awareness. Economically, 93.11% of vaccination staffs work in clinics that provided free National Immunization Program (NIP) pertussis vaccines (DTaP), and 87.80% of caregivers of eligible children were willing to pay for non-NIP pertussis vaccines. Conclusion The geographical and economic accessibility of pertussis vaccination services is relatively reasonable in Hubei Province, China. However, knowledge gaps still exist on both the supply and demand sides. Targeted training for older, male, or less-experienced vaccination staff, as well as customized education for rural, lower -income, male caregivers of eligible children, could help narrow these gaps and reduce the disease burden in China.
Keywords: Pertussis-containing vaccines, immunization services, accessibility, Supply and demand perspective, Influencing factors
Received: 21 Jul 2025; Accepted: 23 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Li, Wang, Li and Guan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Lei Wang, 372491281@qq.com
Xuhua Guan, 552371433@qq.com
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