ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Environmental Health and Exposome
Burning Health Inequity: Blood Pressure Effects of Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Among Chinese Women
Provisionally accepted
Qian Liu
Rui Wang*- Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
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Although modern energy is widely available in China, many households still cook with solid fuels, generating substantial household air pollution and posing a significant public-health risk. Using nationally representative CNHS data from 30,844 women, this study examined the association between solid-fuel cooking and blood pressure; effects were estimated with individual fixed-effects models. Women who cook with solid fuels have, on average, a 0.548 mmHg higher SBP than those using clean fuels. Subgroup evidence indicates stronger adverse associations among urban residents, employed women, and older adults, suggesting elevated hypertension risk in these groups. Heterogeneity results further suggest that poor housing conditions may exacerbate these effects. Although the average effect size is modest, the overall evidence points to adverse health impacts of solid-fuel use and supports targeted intervention strategies.
Keywords: Health inequity, Household air quality, solid fuel, Blood Pressure, Women's Health
Received: 11 Aug 2025; Accepted: 24 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Liu and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Rui Wang, wangrui@shufe.edu.cn
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