SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Public Mental Health
This article is part of the Research TopicCaregiver Burden in Alzheimer's and Other Chronic ConditionsView all 9 articles
Impact of Caregiver Interventions on Caregiver Burden in Adult Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis
Provisionally accepted
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been known to cause physical and psychological dysfunction among patients. Most family members face numerous physical and psychological difficulties in caregiving, yet effective interventions remain limited. This study aims to (a) identify the effects of caregiver interventions on caregiver burden for traumatic brain injury patients, (b) evaluate the effects of these programs on caregivers' psychological distress. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Medline and PsycINFO to search for randomised control trials (RCTs) that report the effects of caregiver interventions on care partners of TBI patients above the age of 18. The primary outcome was caregiver burden, which was measured mainly using the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). The secondary outcome was psychological distress, with the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) as the main assessment used. The RoB-2 tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: 13 RCTs were identified after screening. Meta-analysis of the primary outcome (ZBI) showed significant improvements (p<0.05) favouring intervention despite high heterogeneity in the 5 studies. Meta-analysis of the secondary outcome (BSI-18) indicated smaller but significant improvement (p=0.02) with low heterogeneity in 3 studies. Conclusion: Results suggest that caregiver interventions are effective in improving caregiver burden and psychological distress in the future. However, due to high risk of bias in studies, the conclusion should be interpreted with caution before clinical application. Higher quality research should be conducted to ensure the effectiveness of caregiver programs.
Keywords: Caregiver interventions, caregiver programs, Traumatic Brain Injury, caregiver burden, psychological distress, Rehabilitation
Received: 22 Sep 2025; Accepted: 13 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Ting and Ahmed. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Zubair Ahmed, z.ahmed.1@bham.ac.uk
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