Mosquito-borne infectious diseases in northeastern Italy: analysis of social factors influencing risk perception among the population

Giulia Mascarello^1*Anna Pinto¹Stefania Crovato¹Marco Zago¹Francesco Gradoni²Fabrizio Montarsi²

• ¹Communication Unit, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of the Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy
• ²Laboratory of Medical Entomology and Vector-borne Diseases, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of the Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Italy

Northeastern Italy has the highest reported circulation of mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) in Europe, due to the considerable diversity of species and the abundance of mosquitoes in the area. This study aims to investigate knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) indicators related to mosquitoes and MBDs and to identify the key determinants influencing risk perception among the population of northeastern Italy, including the role of social norms and media exposure. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered using a mixed-mode approach, combining online and telephone interviews. The target population of the survey consisted of people aged 18 years and older, living in the Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia Regions. Respondents showed strong awareness of mosquito breeding sites and were conscious of the existence of invasive species. However, there were some misconceptions about mosquito biology and limited knowledge of locally present MBDs. The population reported engaging in a wide range of protective behaviours, including the use of repellents and physical barriers such as mosquito nets. Respondents with higher risk perception were more likely to adopt protective behaviors, but were less knowledgeable about mosquito biology and ecology. In addition, sociodemographic variables, descriptive social norms, and exposure to media reports proved to significantly influence perceived risk. Understanding public perceptions and attitudes towards mosquitoes is an essential part in the design of risk communication strategies and in planning citizen engagement in prevention measures to protect public health. To reduce the health risks associated with mosquito bites, an interdisciplinary, multi-stakeholder approach is recommended, combining epidemiological surveillance, education, communication, and community mobilization. Based on the findings, several recommendations are advanced to improve mosquito control efforts and public health communication strategies.