'I had no choice but to escape': exploring women's trajectories from early life trauma through homelessness in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: Studies show that women's trajectories through homelessness are shaped by gendered individual vulnerability, dysfunctional family dynamics, and social norms, as well as high rates of violence. Although homelessness among women, particularly that of single mothers, often has a significant impact on their lives and those of their children, there is a dearth of research in this area in Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the early life experiences of women experiencing homelessness in Addis Ababa, their trajectories into and through homelessness, and the challenges they face during community reintegration. Method: We conducted an exploratory qualitative study in December 2023 using semi-structured interviews. We purposively selected women experiencing homelessness of reproductive age from among the beneficiaries of a local civil society in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n = 19). Results: Four themes were identified: 'Childhood trauma from abuse', 'Sexual violence', 'Barriers to leaving street life', and 'Sources of hope'. Despite differences in the reasons for and routes into homelessness, most participants experienced abuse, neglect, and exploitation in their early years. Rather than providing a path to healing from this childhood trauma, life on the street further exposed them to sexual abuse, substance use, and limited access to justice. Although personal, economic, and normative impediments were salient, some participants highlighted how they accepted their situation, sought support, and relied on their strength and faith. Conclusions: The findings highlight how the trajectories through homelessness were shaped by abuse as the common thread in the lived experiences of this population. Given the highly gendered and traumatic nature of their situation, our results call for action to address the need for contextualized, trauma-informed, gender-responsive, multi-level interventions. This should target domestic and sexual violence, rehabilitation services, and reintegration mechanisms for women experiencing homelessness.