ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Toxicol.
Sec. Environmental Toxicology
Volume 7 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/ftox.2025.1623830
This article is part of the Research TopicEnvironmental Toxicity in MetabolismView all articles
Tributyl phosphate as a type of environmental endocrine disruptor associated with liver fibrosis: Insights from NHANES and in vitro validation
Provisionally accepted
- Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Background: Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) had been proved as significant risk factors for liver fibrosis. However, which specific pollutants predominantly related to liver fibrosis remain unidentified. This study was aimed to screen in the specific EEDs using NHANES data and further validate the findings in BRL-3A hepatocytes. Methods: A total of 5843 adult participants (≥18 years) incorporating data on EEDs/metabolites, demographics, lifestyle factors, and vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) measurements were gated from the NHANES. Advanced analytical methods including LASSO regression, multivariable logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling were implemented for pollutant screening. In vitro validation involved treating BRL-3A hepatocytes with identified EEDs, followed by comprehensive assessment of fibrotic markers through quantitative PCR, western blotting, and extracellular matrix component analysis. Results: Din-butyl phthalate (DBuP), the metabolites of tributyl phosphate (TBP), was demonstrated to be the strongest EEDs associated with liver fibrosis (P<0.05). Mechanistic studies revealed that 1μM TBP significantly elevated extracellular matrix components (HA: +130%, Ⅳ-Col: +22%) through MMP9 upregulation at both transcriptional (1.8-fold increase) and translational (1.73-fold increase) levels in hepatocytes. Conclusions: Our findings establish TBP as a novel environmental determinant positively correlated with liver fibrosis in U.S. adults. The profibrotic effects appear mediated through transcriptional activation of extracellular matrix remodeling genes, particularly via MMP9 pathway modulation.
Keywords: EEDs, hepatic fibrosis, tributyl phosphate, NHANES, BRL-3A hepatocytes
Received: 06 May 2025; Accepted: 19 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yang, Ju, Huang, Jiang, Ye, Qi and Zhou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Wen Qi, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Liting Zhou, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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