Abstract
A patient with HER2-positive early breast cancer (BC) developed dermatomyositis (DM), which disappeared after the first administration of adjuvant trastuzumab. No HER2 overexpression/amplification was observed in DM skin biopsies. Both BC and skin immune infiltrates were composed mostly of CD3+ T-lymphocytes. Interestingly, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressed PD-1, which was negligible in skin-infiltrating lymphocytes, while both BC cells and keratinocytes were PD-L1-positive. High serum levels of endogenous anti-HER2 antibodies were detected, confirming the induction of a HER2-specific adaptive immune response. It may be argued that HER2-specific T-lymphocytes cross-reacted with one or more unknown skin antigens, causing DM. Trastuzumab may have silenced skin cross-reaction by eliminating any residual HER2-positive micrometastatic disease and, thus, inducing DM remission.
Background
HER2 (Her-2/neu, c-erbB-2) is a 185-kDa transmembrane tyrosine kinase protein giving higher aggressiveness in breast cancers (BCs). In humans, HER2 overexpression occurs in 15–20% of primary breast tumors, and is associated with diminished disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (1). The humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy is an effective treatment for all stages of HER2-positive BC (2). Growing evidence suggests a clear role of the host immune system in HER2-positive BC, which is generally considered more immunogenic than other BC subgroups (3).
Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disease consisting of a chronic inflammatory injury of striated muscle and skin with an incidence of 1/100,000 (4). It is usually associated with activation of auto-reactive T lymphocytes, down-regulation of T regulator cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to B and T cells tolerance loss (5). DM patients can develop additional autoimmune diseases, and there is an elevated occurrence of other autoimmune diseases in close relatives (6). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have confirmed the MHC as the major genetic region associated with DM and have indicated that DM shares non-MHC genetic features with other autoimmune diseases, suggesting the presence of additional novel risk loci (6). Approximately 15–30% of DMs are associated with underlying malignancies [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) 3.0, 95% CI 2.5–3.6] (4, 5). In particular, DM has been strongly associated with ovarian (SIR 10.5, 95% CI 6.1–18.1), lung (5.9, 3.7–9.2), pancreatic (3.8, 1.6–9.0), stomach (3.5, 1.7–7.3), colorectal (2.5, 1.4–4.4), and breast cancers (2.2, 1.2–3.9) (6). The molecular mechanisms underlying these associations are still unknown, even though it has been demonstrated a possible antigenic similarity between regenerating myoblasts and some cancer cell populations (5–7). Here we report the clinical history of a patient with HER2-positive early BC who developed dermatomyositis (DM), which disappeared after the first administration of adjuvant trastuzumab. Biological and clinical implications of the treatment outcome observed in this case are discussed with the knowledge of scientific evidence to date available.
Case Presentation
In November 2014, a 67-year-old woman with neither comorbidities nor personal or familial history for autoimmune diseases was diagnosed with a ductal carcinoma of the right breast. She underwent right quadrantectomy and sentinel node biopsy. Histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed pT1c (2 cm) N0M0 infiltrating ductal carcinoma, grade 3, which resulted Estrogen Receptor (ER)-negative, Progesterone Receptor (PR)-negative, HER2-positive (3+ by IHC and FISH positive), and Ki67high (50%). The quantitative assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs) documented intermediate (>5% and <50%) TIL infiltration (8).
In January 2015, the patient was admitted to the University Hospital of Parma because of a 3-month history of intense and diffuse muscle pain and pruriginous erythema of the trunk, arms, and legs. Blood tests showed high serum levels of AST, ALT, CPK, and LDH. Electromyography and skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of dermatomyositis (DM). No clinical benefit was observed with steroids therapy (prednisone, 1 mg/kg/day for 1 month). As shown in Figure 1 and Table 1, the phenotypic distribution of skin-infiltrating lymphocytes (SILs) documented the prevalence of CD8+ T cells.
Figure 1
Table 1
| Lymphocytes | CD3 n/mm2 | CD8 n/mm2 | PD-1 n/mm2 | CD4 n/mm2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TILs, intratumoral | 55.11 | 9.89 | 19.26 | 9.36 |
| TILs, peritumoral | 24.26 | 3.09 | 2.66 | 12.77 |
| TILs, total | 79.37 | 12.98 | 21.92 | 22.13 |
| SILs | 62.77 | 58.24 | 16.49 | 43.22 |
| BILs | 79.04 | 17.87 | 9.57 | 36.17 |
Tissue distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations.
TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; SILs, skin-infiltrating lymphocytes; BILs, breast tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes.
Trastuzumab-Based Adjuvant Treatment
In February 2015, the patient was admitted to the Breast Unit of the University Hospital of Parma to receive adjuvant chemo-immunotherapy (CIT) with trastuzumab (8 mg/kg IV loading dose, followed by 6 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) and docetaxel (75 mg/m2) every 3 weeks for four cycles. Then, 14 cycles of single-agent trastuzumab (6 mg/Kg, q3w) were administered and radiotherapy (RT) on residual breast was planned after chemotherapy. Interestingly, after the first administration of CIT with trastuzumab, we observed the complete remission of DM.
To date, 42 months after the last administration of trastuzumab (February 2016), the patient is disease-free from both BC and DM. A new skin biopsy was performed in December 2016 confirming complete pathological remission of DM.
Description of Laboratory Investigations
After obtaining patient's written informed consent and independent ethics committee (IEC) approval, we performed additional serological and IHC analyses on blood and formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples of BC and DM (timeline diagram illustrated in Figure 2A).
Figure 2
To quantify the autologous immune response to HER2-positive BC, we determined the serum anti-HER2 antibody titers by ELISA. After 16 months from the last administration of trastuzumab, the patient presented a serum concentration of anti-HER2 specific antibodies of 23.2 pg/μl, which was considerably higher compared to that observed in a control group composed of HER2-positive BC patients at the same disease stage, and healthy volunteers (Figure 2B).
TILs were composed mostly of CD3+ T cells. To better define the T lymphocyte subpopulations engaged in cancer immune response, the density and distribution of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-positive TILs were measured (Figures 1, 3, Table 1). The CD4/CD8 TILs ratio was 4.17 and PD-1 expressing immune cells, which were predominantly adjacent to neoplastic cells, exceeded the number of cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes (PD-1/CD8 intratumoral TILs ratio: 1.94) (Figures 1, 3, Table 1). Conversely, the phenotypic distribution of SILs documented the prevalence of CD8+ cells over the CD4+ subpopulation (CD4/CD8 SILs ratio: 0.74) (Figure 1, Table 1). Although PD-1-positive immune cells were also observed in the skin, their prevalence was significantly lower than that measured in BC (Figure 3, Table 1). Neither HER2 overexpression nor HER2 amplification was observed in DM skin biopsies (data not shown).
Figure 3
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was clearly detectable in more than 10% of BC cells, which showed a predominant diffuse pattern of expression (Figure 3). This finding resulted in a PD-L1 expression score (H score) of 80 (range 0–300) (9, 10). Normal, ER-positive, mammary gland at the periphery of the tumor mass also displayed PD-L1 overexpression (Figure 3). The same analysis on the skin biopsy, obtained at the time of overt DM, showed that PD-L1 was greatly expressed by the basal layer of epidermal cells and, to a more extent, by dermal adnexa (Figure 3).
The documented expression of PD-L1 in the spared mammary gland (SMG) within the tumor sample prompted us to investigate the immune contexture in these structures (Figure 3). Similar to what observed in DM skin samples, most residual mammary tissue located along the tumor invasive margin was highly infiltrated by T-lymphocytes (i.e., breast tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes, BILs) displaying a cytotoxic CD8+ phenotype and low expression of PD-1 (PD-1/CD8 ratio in SMG: 0.54) (Figure 3, Table 1). Immune cells were absent in tumor distant, PD-L1-positive, mammary structures. The evaluation of the skin biopsy after clinical remission of DM clearly documented an attenuation of PD-L1 expression and the disappearance of CD8 driven immune reaction. These findings are representative of a “cold” skin tissue where no immune cells could be found (11).
Discussion
In this brief report, we present the peculiar case of a HER2-positive early BC patient with synchronous DM, which persisted after tumor surgical removal, and disappeared after the first administration of adjuvant CIT with trastuzumab.
DM is an autoimmune disease consisting of a chronic inflammatory injury of striated muscle and skin with an incidence of 1/100,000 (4). Approximately 15–30% of DMs are associated with underlying malignancies (4). Although DM may be a systemic manifestation of cancer, is not the consequence of a skin tumor invasion (12).
Our immunological analyses showed the presence of immune cell infiltrates in both patient's tumor and skin specimens, which shared the same predominant CD3+ T cell phenotype. Furthermore, the patient presented remarkable levels of natural serum anti-HER2 antibodies, which persisted 16 months after the last administration of trastuzumab. Previous studies have documented that the presence of TILs infiltration and the increased endogenous anti-HER2 antibody immunity following adjuvant CIT with trastuzumab are associated with improved disease-free survival (DFS) (13–15).
Our findings confirm the induction of a HER2-specific adaptive immune response and support the hypothesis that HER2-specific T-cell clones cross-reacted with one or more unknown skin antigens, causing DM. Noteworthy, SILs and TILs were qualitatively different: although keratinocytes were PDL1-positive, the predominant CD8+ cytotoxic infiltrate in DM skin showed low PD-1 expression, thus avoiding immune tolerance. Conversely, at tumor site, PD-L1-positive cancer cells were associated with predominant CD4+ TIL phenotype and high PD-1 expression, suggesting the induction of immune tolerance. These data confirm the association between PD-1/PD-L1 axis and HER2 signaling (16, 17), and give the rationale for anti-HER2 plus anti-PD-1/PD-L1 combination strategies. In this context, the KATE-2 trial has recently showed that atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) plus trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) may improve overall survival in PD-L1-positive, HER2-positive advanced BC (18). Interestingly, the normal mammary gland also displayed PD-L1 expression, which is usually upregulated in response to inflammatory or auto-immune processes (19). Similar to what observed in DM skin samples, a CD8+, PD-1low immune infiltrate was found in the PD-L1-expressing, cancer-spared mammary gland located along the tumor invasive margin. Conversely, distal PD-L1-positive mammary structures did not contain immune cells, and skin samples obtained after the clinical remission of DM showed low PD-L1 expression and disappearance of CD8+ T cells.
In our clinical case, the immune over-activation observed before treatment may have limited the cancer spreading but, at the same time, induced DM. Neither HER2-overexpression or HER2-positive tumor cells were identified in the skin tissue. According to these findings, we hypothesize that HER2-specific T-cell clones, which were induced by the over-expression of the HER2 antigen in the primary BC, cross-reacted with one or more unknown skin antigens, causing DM. The adjuvant administration of CIT with trastuzumab may have been able to silence skin cross-reaction through its ability to eliminate any residual HER2-positive micrometastatic disease, wherever it was found in the body, thus leading to DM remission.
Conclusion
The clinico-pathological characteristics of the present case and the immunological analyses performed on patient tumor, skin, and blood samples suggest a proof of principle for a unique pathogenesis underlying the coexistence of cancer and autoimmune disease. The findings here reported may also help address diagnostic and therapeutic issues in autoimmune disorders associated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.
Statements
Data availability statement
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/supplementary material.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comitato Etico della Provincia di Parma. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
AM and BP conceived of the presented idea. FQ and GMi planned the experiments. GMa, CM, CL, and DM carried out the experiments. BP, AM, FQ, GMi, GMa, and CL contributed to the interpretation of the results. BP took the lead in writing the manuscript. AM revised the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We thank Nicoletta Campanini, Ph.D., for technical assistance and Alba Llop-Guevara, Ph.D., for her contribution to the data analysis.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
breast cancer, HER2, dermatomyositis, trastuzumab, autoimmune, cross-reactivity
Citation
Pellegrino B, Mazzaschi G, Madeddu D, Mori C, Lagrasta CAM, Missale G, Quaini F and Musolino A (2020) Clinico-Immunological Profile of a 67-Year-Old Woman Affected by HER2-Positive Breast Cancer and Autoimmune Dermatomyositis. Front. Oncol. 10:192. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00192
Received
06 October 2019
Accepted
05 February 2020
Published
25 February 2020
Volume
10 - 2020
Edited by
Brian J. Czerniecki, Moffitt Cancer Center, United States
Reviewed by
Siddharth Mehra, University of Miami Health System, United States; Bruce Loveland, Burnet Institute, Australia
Updates
Copyright
© 2020 Pellegrino, Mazzaschi, Madeddu, Mori, Lagrasta, Missale, Quaini and Musolino.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Antonino Musolino antoninomusolino@hotmail.com
This article was submitted to Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology
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