Women scientists conduct ground-breaking research across the world. Yet, they made up to only 31.7% of all researchers globally in 2021, according to a recent report from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2024), and only about 4% of Nobel Prize laureates for science and medicine were women as of 2023 (The Nobel Prize, 2024). More broadly, the World Economic Forum (2023) reports that while workforce participation (based on LinkedIn profiles) of women and men is approximately equal in non-STEM fields, in STEM fields women represent only about 29% of workers, and the share of women’s participation declines as positions become more senior. This is in part due to the “leaky pipeline” phenomenon, in which numbers of women in STEM fields decline progressively from student and early career roles to senior positions (Resmini, 2016). This leaves fewer women available for senior positions and the opportunities and accolades that come at a later career stage. It is also due to deeply entrenched but hidden biases faced by those who remain – which also contribute to the leaky pipeline in a persistent feedback loop. In short, while there are fewer women at senior levels, it is not because they are less competent or less passionate than men. Even accounting for this, women are still experiencing the consequences of unconscious bias throughout their careers. The academic currency for success is publications (preferably in high impact journals), research funding (preferably national and competitive) and esteem (respect and impact in one’s field); there is evidence of gender bias in all of these.
Women get fewer opportunities for high impact publications. Nature recently published an editorial headlined “Nature publishes too few papers from women researchers – that must change” (Nature, 2024). In it, the authors note that only 17% of corresponding authors identify as women. They also note geographic differences, with percentages ranging from 4% (Japan) to 22% (United States), and find that acceptance rates among manuscripts sent for review were lower for woman-authored papers (46%) than for those authored by men (55%).
Women are less likely to apply for competitive national funding (Schmaling and Gallo, 2023). In Canada, for example, according to the most recent funding statistics from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, only 24% of applicants identify as women, though success rates are similar for women and men (NSERC, 2023). Among early career researchers, women make up 37% of applicants and awardees. These statistics are reflected in other countries, such as Australia (Kingsley et al., 2023), the United States (Rissle et al., 2020), and the United Kingdom (Head et al., 2013; EPSRC, 2022).
In conservation careers, men influence conservation and science decisions more than women (James et al., 2023). The Nature Conservancy (TNC), as one of the world’s largest conservation non-profit organizations, provides a case study to better understand how women publish relative to men in conservation science. A review of all papers from Web of Science with at least one Nature Conservancy author (1968–2019) found that women are underrepresented: only 36% of authors were women, 31% of all first authorships were women, and 24% of last authorships were women. Women in the Global South were the least represented group, making up less than 2% of all TNC authorships (James et al., 2022).
At the invitation of Frontiers, we, the Guest Editorial team, assembled a collection of conservation and restoration ecology research conducted by women scientists. This Research Topic celebrates the increasing contribution of women to this research field, and we hope its breadth and depth showcases some of the insightful work done by women and inspires the current and next generation of women scientists. A total of 11 contributions and 69 authors (nine original research articles and two reviews) report significant empirical and theoretical advances in conservation and restoration ecology, including also a study of gaps and gender biases in this field (listed in order of acceptance date):
Use of runnels to mitigate marsh drowning (Watson et al.);
Testing phylogenetic conservatism on the performance of seed germinability prediction models (Chen et al.);
Impacts of fencing and grazing on insect diversity (Wang et al.);
Pattern-building processes in vegetation recovery (Norris et al.);
Use of movement data and physiological indicators to identify importance of habitat for migrating shorebirds (Linhart et al.);
Gender bias in restoration and conservation (James et al.);
Wetland restoration in tidal rivers (van Proosdij et al.);
Integration of traditional ecological knowledge into land management (Souther et al.);
Nutrient dynamics in created tidal marshes (Staver et al.);
Dynamics of invertebrate communities in salt marsh pools after 50 years of restoration (Noel et al.);
Global trends in geospatial conservation planning (Cobb et al.).
While the papers in this Research Topic partly reflect the fields of expertise and backgrounds of the guest editors, we hope that this Research Topic will help foster an international network of women researchers working in conservation and restoration. We aim to provide an impetus for future collaborations and discussions. We also hope that this Research Topic of discoveries helps to support and encourage other women wishing to pursue a career in conservation and restoration ecology.
Statements
Author contributions
IM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. DH: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. MB: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. CM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. AC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The authors’ work here is supported by the following research funds: the FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., Portugal through the UIDB/00239/2020 (CEF), the associate laboratory TERRA (LA/P/0092/2020), and the Scientific Employment Stimulus—Individual Call (CEEC Individual)—2021.01107.CEECIND/CP1689/CT0001 (IM); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grants RGPIN-2023-05990 (DH) and RGPIN-2020-04106 (MB).
Acknowledgments
As Guest Editors of this Research Topic, we would like to express our deep appreciation to all authors whose valuable work was published under this Research Topic, as well as the time and efforts of all reviewers, which altogether, have contributed to the success of the edition. We are grateful to the many woman scientists with whom we have worked and discussed these important issues. We also thank Julianne M. Richard for insightful comments on the editorial.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
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Summary
Keywords
conservation biology, restoration ecology, leaky pipeline, women in science, gender equality
Citation
Marques I, Hamilton DJ, Barbeau MA, Morrison C and Chauvenet ALM (2024) Editorial: Women in conservation and restoration ecology 2022. Front. Ecol. Evol. 12:1411948. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1411948
Received
03 April 2024
Accepted
15 April 2024
Published
24 April 2024
Volume
12 - 2024
Edited and reviewed by
Fernanda Michalski, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Brazil
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Marques, Hamilton, Barbeau, Morrison and Chauvenet.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Diana J. Hamilton, dhamilto@mta.ca
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.