The top 100 most cited papers in insomnia: A bibliometric analysis

Abstract

Objective:

The number of citations to a paper represents the weight of that work in a particular area of interest. Several highly cited papers are listed in the bibliometric analysis. This study aimed to identify and analyze the 100 most cited papers in insomnia research that might appeal to researchers and clinicians.

Methods:

We reviewed the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database to identify articles from 1985 to 24 March 2022. The R bibliometric package was used to further analyze citation counts, authors, year of publication, source journal, geographical origin, subject, article type, and level of evidence. Word co-occurrence in 100 articles was visualized using VOS viewer software.

Results:

A total of 44,654 manuscripts were searched on the Web of Science. Between 2001 and 2021, the top 100 influential manuscripts were published, with a total citation frequency of 38,463. The top countries and institutions contributing to the field were the U.S. and Duke University. Morin C.M. was the most productive author, ranking first in citations. Sleep had the highest number of manuscripts published in the top 100 (n = 31), followed by Sleep Medicine Reviews (n = 9). The most cited manuscript (Bastien et al., Sleep Medicine, 2001; 3,384 citations) reported clinical validation of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) as a brief screening indicator for insomnia and as an outcome indicator for treatment studies. Co-occurrence analyses suggest that psychiatric disorders combined with insomnia and cognitive behavioral therapy remain future research trends.

Conclusion:

This study provides a detailed list of the most cited articles on insomnia. The analysis provides researchers and clinicians with a detailed overview of the most cited papers on insomnia over the past two decades. Notably, COVID-19, anxiety, depression, CBT, and sleep microstructure are potential areas of focus for future research.

Introduction

Insomnia has been emerging with more public concerns over the past decades for affecting people’s health and well-being worldwide. The prevalence of insomnia disorder is approximately 10–20%, with approximately 50% having a chronic course (1). In America, 27.3% of adults reported insomnia 1 year, and the US annual loss of quality-adjusted life-years associated with insomnia (5.6 million) was significantly larger than that associated with any of the other 18 medical conditions assessed, including arthritis (4.94 million), depression (4.02 million), and hypertension (3.63 million) (2). The economic consequences of the disorder and the cost-effectiveness of insomnia treatments, in aggregate, exceeded $100 billion per year, with the majority being spent on indirect costs such as poorer workplace performance, increased health care utilization, and increased accident risk (3). Insomnia has been a public health issue and an extensive concern for medical practitioners. The number of insomnia-associated studies has gradually increased annually, of which 27,399 were published accumulatively in Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection from 1985 to 2021.

With a trend of research interest and explosive publication, it is worth identifying the most influential scientific achievements from an abundance of literature on insomnia related topics. So far, there is no perfect method for evaluating the scientific impact that a specific study has had on a scientific discipline, the number of citations of an article is a proxy to indicate the importance of the study (4). Bibliometric sciences offer both a statistical and quantitative analysis of published articles and provide a measure of their impact in a particular field of research. To date, no such analyses have been performed exploring the most influential works presented in the field of insomnia. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the top 100 most cited articles over the past decades in the field of insomnia with bibliometric citation analysis.

Methods

Identification of the top 100 cited articles

The Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection database was systematically searched on March 31, 2022. The search terms were “insomnia” and “disorders of initiating and maintaining Sleep,” with publication timespan (1985–2022). The publications were ranked by the number of citations, and these were reviewed to identify the top 100 papers with the most citations. Only original articles and reviews with full manuscripts that focused on insomnia as the main topic were included. Literature reviews that briefly summarized published studies were excluded; editorials and consensus statements were excluded. Two reviewers (SL and JJ) independently identified the top 100 papers according to the total citations of the papers, and any disagreement between the 2 reviewers was resolved by consensus involving a third reviewer (XM).

Analysis of the top 100 cited articles

Publications were stratified and systematically assessed according to publication year, country or institute, authors, and journal. Additionally, the frequencies of keywords extracted from the articles were assessed and then included in a network analysis of the development of insomnia.

All data were downloaded from the Web of Science and imported into the bibliometric package (Version 3.0.0) in R software (Version 4.1.3) (5), which converts and analyses automatically, including the distribution of countries/regions, years of publication, and authors. Publication quality by author was assessed based upon metrics that included the number of publications, citations in the research area, publication h-index value. The h-index is used to quantify an individual’s scientific research output and measure his citation impact (6).

Networks were constructed using VOS viewer v.1.6.18 (7) (Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands), which is commonly used to analyze and visualize relationships among authors, countries, co-citations, keywords, and the terms used in articles.

The Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to test the normality of the distribution of individual variables. We show the mean and standard deviation for data with a regularly distributed distribution and the median and range for data with a skewed distribution. The Tukey method was also employed for plotting the whiskers and outliers. The p-values from pairwise t-tests were adjusted according to either the Bonferroni post-hoc test or Mann–Whitney test to correct for the performance of multiple statistical analyses. All p-values were two-tailed, and a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. We used a one-way analysis of Kruskal–Wallis test for skewed data. The Mann–Kendall rank correlation was employed to test for correlations among non-parametric variables.

Results

Global trends of annual publication

A total of 44,654 eligible publications were listed in peer-reviewed journals on the ISI Web of Knowledge WoS Core on 31 March 2022. Manuscripts were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and ranked according to citation frequency. The top 100 influential manuscripts were obtained. General information is detailed in Table 1.

Over the course of 20 years, the total number of citations for the top 100 works of literature varied, but reached a peak in 2021 (Figure 1). The total citation frequency of the top 100 highly cited literature was 58,229 (ranging from 270 to 3,384), with a mean citation frequency of 582.29 and a median citation frequency of 427.5. To exclude the effect of year on citation volume, we analyzed the average annual citation rate of the 100 documents, the highest of which was “Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019” by Lai et al. (8) (average annual citation rate of 893.33; Table 1).

FIGURE 1

Most articles on the list were published from 2005 to 2006 (n = 24), followed by articles published from 2020 (n = 9; Figure 2A). The number of citations was high for articles published between 2001 and 2012 (mean total citations = 3762) and decreased for articles published after 2012, but reached a peak in 20 years for articles published in 2020 (citations = 7852; Figure 2B). The total citation rate of an article was not related to the date of publication (r = 0.07108, p > 0.05, Mann–Kendall test; Figure 3A). However, the current citation rate of an article (as measured by the number of citations in 2021) suggests that articles published after 2011 are more likely to have been cited in recent years. This correlation was statistically significant (r = 0.5394, p < 0.0001, Mann–Kendall test: Figure 3B).

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

Of the 100 articles, 50 were clinical research, 49 were review articles and 1 was basic research. Due to the small sample size of the basic research, we analyzed the number of citations for review articles and clinical research (Table 2) and found that the review articles did not vary significantly with respect to total citations per article compared to the clinical research articles [Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.08; clinical research: median = 397.5 (range = 275–3384); review articles: median = 531(range = 270–2126): Figure 2C].

Distribution of countries and institutes

The global contribution of insomnia research was analyzed and represented by a blue-coded world map in the R software (Figure 4A). Of the 35 countries and territories identified for this study, the USA had the highest number of articles (n = 56), followed by Canada (n = 22), Germany (n = 11), Italy (n = 10) and the UK (n = 7) (Figure 4B). Studies from the USA were the most cited (24,423 citations), followed by Canada (11,832 citations), Germany (6,329 citations), China (5,587 citations) and the UK (3,097 citations) (Figure 4C).

FIGURE 4

In the co-authorship analysis, a total of eight countries with more than five publications in the field were analyzed (Figure 5A). The five countries with the highest total connection intensity were the United States (total link strength = 19 times), Germany (17 times) and Canada (15 times). A total of 235 institutions are involved in this field. Laval University (38 articles) contributed the most publications, followed by Harvard University (11 articles), Stanford University (10 articles), University of Pittsburgh (10 articles), and Duke University (9 articles). We analyzed the co-authorship of 235 institutions with more than five publications. Eight institutional collaborations are shown (Figure 5B). The strongest institutions overall were Duke University (total link strength = 14 times).

FIGURE 5

Analysis of author

Considering the number of publications, MORIN CM. is the most productive author, with 17 articles (Figure 6A) MORIN CM. was also the top-ranked author in terms of citations in this field (108 citations) (Figure 6B).

FIGURE 6

We analyzed a total of 481 authors, 60 of whom were co-authors in more than two publications. Excluding 36 unrelated items, 24 authors were shown to have collaborated (Figure 6C). The author with the highest total linkage intensity was MORIN CM. (total link strength = 40 times).

Analysis of most cited journal

The 100 articles were published in 42 journals. Figure 7 shows the top ten h-index and cited journals that published related articles (Figures 7A, B). Of these 42 journals, the highest h-index was Sleep (h-index = 31), followed closely by Sleep Medicine Reviews (h-index = 9). Sleep was cited the most (928 times), followed by Sleep Medicine Reviews (193 times). In the co-citation analysis, we analyzed a total of 1,352 journals, and a total of 52 journals were cited more than 20 times (Figure 7C).

FIGURE 7

Co-occurrence analysis of keywords

We analyzed a total of 33 keywords that were identified as appearing more than five times (Figure 8A). The colors in the overlay visualization shown in Figure 8B indicate the average year of publication of the identified keywords. The keywords which published after 2011 are colored more green or yellow. The density visualization shows the same identified keywords mapped by frequency of occurrence (Figure 8C).

FIGURE 8

Citation and co-citation analyses

The citation analysis showed 94 pieces of literature with more than 50 citations (Figure 9A). As shown in Table 1, “Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research” [Bastien et al. (8)] was cited 3,384 times, followed by “Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019” [Lai et al. (8)] with 2,680 citations and the third most cited is “Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn” [Ohayon (10)], with 2,126 citations.

FIGURE 9

We analyzed 38 references that were co-cited more than 10 times in total (Figure 9B). The three most cited references were Ford de. (107) (1989, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC; 33 citations), Ohayon (10) mm. (2002, sleep med rev; 30 citations), and Breslau (108) (1996, bio psychiat; 29 citations).

Discussion

General trends in insomnia research

Bibliometrics allows for quantitative analysis of a researcher’s individual achievements, or even a country’s or institution’s contribution and international impact in the field, through a statistical analysis of the total number of academic papers published in a clinical field and the total frequency of citations (109). In this study, we combined bibliometric analysis with network visualization to identify the initial 100 most influential manuscripts in the field of insomnia based on global citation frequency, highlighting the contributions that have led to significant advances in insomnia research and pointing to current trends in the field.

With the largest number of publications and citations, and the highest co-authorship analysis ranking by country, the United States is currently the world leader in insomnia research. These results suggest that the US is likely to have a major impact on the direction of research in the field and has the strongest collaboration globally. The citations of articles from Canada, Germany, Italy and the UK have also increased significantly over the last three decades. China has a small total number of publications, but ranks fourth in total citations; it ranks sixth in collaborations with other countries, indicating that China has an influential publication in the field of insomnia and actively maintains close collaborations with other countries. The Laval University Institute is the most productive, with 38% of the publications, while Duke University ranks first in the co-authorship analysis, indicating its close cooperation with other institutes.

Influential authors and studies in insomnia

Morin, C.M. has the largest number of publications and citations and also ranks first in co-authorship analysis conducted by authors. Of these top 100 highly cited publications, Morin C.M. has published 17 articles, 8 of which he is the first author. Dr. Morin is interested in the validation of assessment scale for insomnia. Utilizing scales to evaluate the therapeutic effects of insomnia is the most convenient and widely used method, and the reliability and validity analysis results are critical for the scale to be used as an outcome indicator. Dr. Morin examined psychometric indices of the Insomnia Severity Index to evaluate treatment response in a clinical sample (9), and validated the Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, providing a variety of indicators for the assessment of insomnia (10). Nevertheless, the original version of the ISI and the PSQI are the most commonly used, and the original version of the ISI remains the only validated scale that is highly recommended for all insomnia research protocols. Dr. Morin has also conducted extensive research on cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and its comorbidities (110, 111). His team’s current efforts continue to focus on evaluating the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and optimizing the procedural approach (112, 113).

According to the literature citation analysis and reference co-citation analysis, the most frequently cited Bastien et al. (8) reported clinical validation of the Insomnia Severity Index Scale (ISI) as a brief screening indicator for insomnia and an outcome indicator for treatment studies, indicating that the ISI is a reliable and valid tool for quantifying perceived insomnia severity. The ISI is a brief self-report instrument designed to assess subjective symptoms and daytime status of insomnia and the extent to which insomnia causes worry or distress. The ISI has been continually validated and the study by Bastien et al. was the first formal psychometric analysis of the reliability and validity of the ISI. Further validation of the ISI using item response theory (IRT) analysis was reported by Morin et al. (114), obtaining evidence on internal consistency, item response patterns and convergent validity, yielding new evidence on optimal sensitivity and specificity indices for case finding and assessment of minimal important changes following treatment (12). A recent meta-analysis (115) reported on the construct validity of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), which showed that studies reporting validated factor analyses (CFA) had more reliable results than those reporting only exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and that two-factor solution were strong expressions of dimensionality and higher reliability indicators for the ISI compared to three-factor solutions.

Future outlook

Our co-occurrence network diagram, categorized by subject area or date of publication, shows current hotspots and future directions in insomnia research (Figures 8A–C). The keywords indicate that insomnia research involves a wide range of populations (elderly, adolescents), causal factors (quality of life, coronavirus), disorders (anxiety disorders, depression) and therapies (cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy). The most recent keywords indicating future trends in the field are as follows:

COVID-19 and insomnia

The total number of citations in the insomnia-related literature rose significantly in 2021, reaching a peak in the last 20 years. This may be related to the outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The impact of the new coronavirus pneumonia outbreak has led to an increase in psychological disorders in the population and a climb in the prevalence of insomnia, with 36.7% of adults from 13 countries having clinical symptoms of insomnia and 17.4% meeting diagnostic criteria for insomnia (24, 114). Spielman identified negative life events and other stressors as triggers for the development of insomnia (116), with up to 37% of the population experiencing insomnia in the presence of stressful events (117). During the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, insomnia symptoms were mainly associated with acute psychological reactions due to the rapid spread of the disease and strict enforcement of restrictions, as well as poor sleep hygiene (118). During the late stage, insomnia symptoms are associated with economic stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic (118) and the impairment of sleep patterns (119). Recent studies have shown that into the late stages, sleep is characterized by significant objective sleep fragmentation in the presence of adequate sleep duration (120), suggesting that the adverse effects of the initial pandemic outbreak on sleep will persist. Studies of insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the importance of focusing not only on the primary diseases, but also on the psycho-psychological issues, particularly insomnia during global public health events.

Depression, anxiety, and insomnia

In our analysis of keywords, we found that “anxiety,” “depression,” and “mental disorders” were frequently mentioned in 100 documents as the second most frequently occurring keywords after “insomnia.” Studies have shown that there is a strong relationship between insomnia, depression and anxiety, with insomnia considered a risk factor for anxiety and depression (121), with those suffering from insomnia 9.82 times more likely to have clinically significant depression and 17.35 times more likely to have clinically significant anxiety compared to those without insomnia (38). Anxiety and depression are also considered risk factors for insomnia (122), suggesting that insomnia is bilaterally associated with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression (41). In terms of biological mechanisms, polymorphisms and dysregulation of the serotonin, dopamine(DA), oxytocin (OXT) and genes may be associated with the development and maintenance of insomnia and mood disorders (123), while behavior and thoughts can in turn affect the activity of the serotonin, DA, OXT, and genes (124). In terms of brain function, sleep disturbances have been shown to disrupt the function of cortical neural circuits, including the amygdala, striatum, anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex (PFC) (125), which play a key role in the regulation of the affective system (126). In addition, there is growing evidence that insomnia disrupts brain functions associated with the reward system (127, 128), and that dysfunction of the reward system is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders (129), including depression, bipolar disorder (127, 128, 130) and others.

Subtypes of insomnia

Insomnia is a heterogeneous disorder (131), and identifying clinically relevant subtypes of insomnia disorders can help reduce heterogeneity, identify etiology, and personalize treatment (132). In Ohayon (10) proposed that epidemiological studies should focus on distinguishing different subtypes of insomnia. Typing by sleep stage symptoms, such as difficulty falling asleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), early awakening (EMA), or a combination of four subtypes (133); typing by insomnia episodes and duration, such as chronic insomnia, short-term insomnia (134); and typing by primary and secondary clinical features of insomnia, such as primary insomnia, secondary insomnia (135). Although these subtypes can differ in terms of stable sleep-related characteristics, reliability and validity are lacking and heterogeneity still prevails (136). It remains difficult to find consistent insomnia features in terms of cognition, mood, personality, life history, polysomnography, and sleep microstructure, and this inconsistency suggests that different subtypes of insomnia disorder have not been fully identified (137). For a long time, researchers have been working on different aspects of the subtypes of insomnia disorders, such as natural history of insomnia (94), subjective and objective sleep duration (74), sleep microstructure (138), non-insomnia characteristics (life history, affective and personality traits) (137), and clustering subtypes of insomnia (subtyping based on subjective sleep variables as well as age at onset of insomnia, the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms) (139). Vgontzas et al. (74) proposed that insomnia with short objective sleep duration is the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder and is associated with a higher risk for hypertension, diabetes, and other diseases. Also, it appears that insomnia with objective short sleep duration is a biological marker of genetic predisposition to chronic insomnia. In the future, the underlying genetic, neurobiological, and neuropsychological mechanisms of insomnia with objective short sleep duration could be further explored. In terms of polysomnography (140), brain imaging (141), and genetics (142), we can also examine the association of other sleep variables with other phenotypes of insomnia.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most widely researched form of psychotherapy, which leads to changes in emotional distress and problem behavior by altering therapeutic strategies that are maladaptive to poor cognition (14). CBT for insomnia (CBT-I) has long been shown to be more effective than control therapy (143). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is now commonly recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic insomnia because of the potential for sustained benefit from psychotherapy without the risk of tolerance or adverse effects associated with pharmacological approaches (65). Recent evidence suggests that CBTI can also be used to treat acute insomnia caused by stress (144). Many elements of this treatment approach can be applied to stressful events such as the current COVID-19 pandemic and can be adapted to treat and prevent sleep problems resulting from confinement, increased stress and changes in circadian and daily activities (78). The development of technologies such as the Internet, big data and artificial intelligence has brought about a boom in digital medicine in the healthcare industry, enabling the digitization of CBT-I (145), and the effectiveness of digital cognitive behavioral therapy (dBT-I) for insomnia has been validated (146). In recent years, dBT-I has been widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic, and Liu et al’s (147) study provides an entry point for building a dBTI platform and a theoretical basis for clinical application.

Sleep microstructure

In recent years, sleep microstructure has gradually gained widespread attention, and a number of the 100 articles we examined have begun to focus on slow-wave sleep. Slow wave sleep (SWS) is a component of non-REM sleep that is important in neurophysiological processes like memory and cognition (148). According to the “active system consolidation hypothesis,” slow oscillations, in conjunction with sleep spindle waves, drive the repetitive reactivation of newly encoded memories during slow-wave sleep, facilitating their integration into long-term memory storage sites (149). A growing body of research confirms that auditory stimulation (150), transcranial direct current stimulation (151), and medication (152) are all effective in improving memory function by enhancing slow waves of sleep (153). Slow-wave sleep is not only used for memory enhancement, but has also been widely used to improve cognitive function in patients with mental illness (154, 155) and for sensory-motor recovery in stroke patients (156). Recent studies have shown that enhancing SWS in healthy individuals profoundly affects the connections between the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems (157), opening up a wide range of potential applications for enhancing SWS.

Strengths and limitations

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric analysis of the Insomnia research trend. Using the R bibliometric package, we conducted a comprehensive survey of the literature to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses of the publication output and quality of studies from various authors. We also used a well-known scientometric software tool (VOSviewer) to build and visualize the bibliometric networks by analyzing co-authorship, co-citation, and co-occurrence. Nevertheless, our analyses have some limitations. Firstly, the search is primarily conducted in the WoS database. Although WoS is the most commonly used database in scientometrics, it is advisable to combine the results with those from other databases, such as PubMed and Scopus. Secondly, our search did not separate mechanistic studies from clinical studies, ignoring the research progress in mechanistic studies; however, this could also indicate that mechanistic studies in the field of sleep could be strengthened. Third, the keyword analysis results may have been influenced by incomplete keyword extraction. To better display the keywords, keywords that appeared more than five times in the network were shown. Fourthly, as this is a developing area of research, we may have overlooked the contribution of analyzing recently published studies because of their low citation frequency, despite some studies being published in high quality journals.

Conclusion

In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric study to identify the 100 most cited papers in insomnia research. Our results suggest that the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic is strongly associated with the onset of insomnia and stimulates the researcher’s interest. The key words suggest “COVID-19;” “anxiety,” “depression,” “CBT,” and “sleep microstructure” are currently hot topics in the field of insomnia and will be future research trends in the field, indicating that the focus of research has shifted from insomnia epidemiology and scale validation to the study of co-morbidities and sleep microstructure of insomnia. Despite its limitations, citation analysis provides an important quantitative approach to research in the field of comparative science. The findings of this study may provide a valuable reference for researchers to guide and implement their scientific research interests in the field of insomnia.

References

• 1.

  BuysseDJ. Insomnia.JAMA. (2013) 309:706–16. 10.1001/jama.2013.193

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 2.

  OlfsonMWallMLiuSMorinCBlancoC. Insomnia and impaired quality of life in the United States.J Clin Psychiatry. (2018) 79:17m12020. 10.4088/JCP.17m12020

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 3.

  WickwireEShayaFScharfS. Health economics of insomnia treatments: the return on investment for a good night’s sleep.Sleep Med Rev. (2016) 30:72–82. 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.11.004

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 4.

  LandreneauJWeaverMDelaneyCAminianADimickJLillemoeKet alThe 100 most cited papers in the history of the American surgical association.Ann Surg. (2020) 271:663–70. 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003633

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 5.

  HirschJE. An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2005) 102:16569–72. 10.1073/pnas.0507655102

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 6.

  AriaMCuccurulloC. bibliometric: an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis.J Informetr. (2018) 11:959–75. 10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 7.

  van EckNWaltmanL. Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and VOSviewer.Scientometrics. (2017) 111:1053–70. 10.1007/s11192-017-2300-7

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 8.

  LaiJMaSWangYCaiZHuJWeiNet alFactors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019.JAMA Netw Open. (2020) 3:e203976. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 9.

  BastienCHVallièresAMorinCM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research.Sleep Med. (2001) 2:297–307. 10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 10.

  OhayonMM. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn.Sleep Med Rev. (2002) 6:97–111. 10.1053/smrv.2002.0186

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 11.

  WittchenHJacobiFRehmJGustavssonASvenssonMJönssonBet alThe size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. (2011) 21:655–79. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 12.

  MorinCMBellevilleGBélangerLIversH. The insomnia severity index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response.Sleep. (2011) 34:601–8. 10.1093/sleep/34.5.601

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 13.

  BaglioniCBattaglieseGFeigeBSpiegelhalderKNissenCVoderholzerUet alInsomnia as a predictor of depression: A meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies.J Affect Disord. (2011) 135:10–9. 10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.011

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 14.

  HofmannSGAsnaaniAVonkIJSawyerATFangA. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses.Cogn Ther Res. (2012) 36:427–40. 10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 15.

  PappaSNtellaVGiannakasTGiannakoulisVPapoutsiEKatsaounouP. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain Behav Immun. (2020) 88:901–7. 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 16.

  ToralesJO’HigginsMCastaldelli-MaiaJVentriglioA. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health.Int J Soc Psychiatry. (2020) 66:317–20. 10.1177/0020764020915212

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 17.

  KripkeDGarfinkelLWingardDKlauberMMarlerM. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia.Arch Gen Psychiatry. (2002) 59:131–6. 10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 18.

  SateiaM. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition highlights and modifications.Chest. (2014) 146:1387–94. 10.1378/chest.14-0970

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 19.

  BackhausJJunghannsKBroocksARiemannDHohagenF. Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in primary insomnia.J Psychosom Res. (2002) 53:737–40. 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00330-6

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 20.

  Schutte-RodinSBrochLBuysseDDorseyCSateiaM. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults.J Clin Sleep Med. (2008) 4:487–504. 10.5664/jcsm.27286

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 21.

  RiemannDSpiegelhalderKFeigeBVoderholzerUBergerMPerlisMet alThe hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence.Sleep Med Rev. (2010) 14:19–31. 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 22.

  MorinCBootzinRBuysseDEdingerJEspieCLichsteinK. Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: update of the recent evidence (1998-2004).Sleep. (2006) 29:1398–414. 10.1093/sleep/29.11.1398

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 23.

  CarneyCBuysseDAncoli-IsraelSEdingerJKrystalALichsteinKet alThe consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring.Sleep. (2012) 5:287–302. 10.5665/sleep.1642

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 24.

  RogersJPChesneyEOliverDPollakTAMcGuirePFusar-PoliPet alPsychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic.Lancet Psychiatry. (2020) 7:611–27. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 25.

  MorgenthalerTAlessiCFriedmanLOwensJKapurVBoehleckeBet alPractice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders: an update for 2007.Sleep. (2007) 30:519–29. 10.1093/sleep/30.4.519

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 26.

  BuysseDAncoli-IsraelSEdingerJLichsteinKMorinC. Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia.Sleep. (2006) 29:1155–73. 10.1093/sleep/29.9.1155

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 27.

  EdingerJBonnetMBootzinRDoghramjiKDorseyCEspieCet alDerivation of research diagnostic criteria for insomnia: report of an american academy of sleep medicine work group.Sleep. (2004) 27:1567–96. 10.1093/sleep/27.8.1567

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 28.

  QaseemAKansagaraDForcieaMCookeMDenbergT. Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American college of physicians.Ann Intern Med. (2016) 165:125–33. 10.7326/M15-2175

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 29.

  LittnerMKushidaCWiseMDavilaDMorgenthalerTLee-ChiongTet alPractice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test–an American academy of sleep medicine report–standards of practice committee of the american academy of sleep medicine.Sleep. (2005) 28:113–21. 10.1093/sleep/28.1.113

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 30.

  MorinCLeBlancMDaleyMGregoireJMéretteC. Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors.Sleep Med. (2006) 7:123–30. 10.1016/j.sleep.2005.08.008

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 31.

  GlassJLanctôtKHerrmannNSprouleBBustoU. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits.BMJ. (2005) 331:1169. 10.1136/bmj.38623.768588.47

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 32.

  Pandi-PerumalSSrinivasanVMaestroniGCardinaliDPoeggelerBHardelandR. Melatonin–nature’s most versatile biological signal?FEBS J. (2006) 273:2813–38. 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05322.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 33.

  ZhangBWingY. Sex differences in insomnia: a meta-analysis.Sleep. (2006) 29:85–93. 10.1093/sleep/29.1.85

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 34.

  GottliebDRedlineSNietoFBaldwinCNewmanAResnickHet alAssociation of usual sleep duration with hypertension: the sleep heart health study.Sleep. (2006) 29:1009–14. 10.1093/sleep/29.8.1009

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 35.

  TsunoNBessetARitchieK. Sleep and depression.J Clin Psychiatry. (2005) 66:1254–69. 10.4088/JCP.v66n1008

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 36.

  XiaoHZhangYKongDLiSYangN. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in january 2020 in China.Med Sci Monit. (2020) 26:e923921. 10.12659/MSM.923921

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 37.

  RiemannDBaglioniCBassettiCBjorvatnBDolenc GroseljLEllisJet alEuropean guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.J Sleep Res. (2017) 26:675–700. 10.1111/jsr.12594

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 38.

  TaylorDJLichsteinKLDurrenceHHReidelBBushA. Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety.Sleep. (2005) 28:1457–64. 10.1093/sleep/28.11.1457

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 39.

  TsaiPWangSWangMSuCYangTHuangCet alPsychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (CPSQI) in primary insomnia and control subjects.Qual Life Res. (2005) 14:1943–52. 10.1007/s11136-005-4346-x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 40.

  SmithMHaythornthwaiteJ. How do sleep disturbance and chronic pain inter-relate? Insights from the longitudinal and cognitive-behavioral clinical trials literature.Sleep Med Rev. (2004) 8:119–32. 10.1016/S1087-0792(03)00044-3

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 41.

  AlvaroPRobertsRHarrisJKA. Systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression.Sleep. (2013) 36:1059–68. 10.5665/sleep.2810

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 42.

  OhayonMRothT. Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders.J Psychiatry Res. (2003) 37:9–15. 10.1016/S0022-3956(02)00052-3

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 43.

  ZhangWWangKYinLZhaoWXueQPengMet alMental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China.Psychother Psychosom. (2020) 89:242–50. 10.1159/000507639

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 44.

  ManberREdingerJGressJSan Pedro-SalcedoMKuoTKalistaT. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia enhances depression outcome in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia.Sleep. (2008) 31:489–95. 10.1093/sleep/31.4.489

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 45.

  VgontzasABixlerELinHProloPMastorakosGVela-BuenoAet alChronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Clinical implications.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2001) 86:3787–94. 10.1210/jcem.86.8.7778

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 46.

  SmithMPerlisMParkASmithMPenningtonJGilesDet alComparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia.Am J Psychiatry. (2002) 159:5–11. 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.5

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 47.

  MorgenthalerTKramerMAlessiCFriedmanLBoehleckeBBrownTet alPractice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American academy of sleep medicine report.Sleep. (2006) 29:1415–9. 10.1093/sleep/29.11.1415

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 48.

  BuckleyTSchatzbergA. Review: On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: Normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2005) 90:3106–14. 10.1210/jc.2004-1056

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 49.

  TaylorDMalloryLLichsteinKDurrenceHRiedelBBushA. Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems.Sleep. (2007) 30:213–8. 10.1093/sleep/30.2.213

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 50.

  BuysseDAngstJGammaAAjdacicVEichDRösslerW. Prevalence, course, and comorbidity of insomnia and depression in young adults.Sleep. (2008) 31:473–80. 10.1093/sleep/31.4.473

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 51.

  VgontzasALiaoDBixlerEChrousosGVela-BuenoA. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension.Sleep. (2009) 32:491–7. 10.1093/sleep/32.4.491

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 52.

  BonnetMArandD. Hyperarousal and insomnia: State of the science.Sleep Medicine Reviews. (2010) 14:9–15. 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.002

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 53.

  SavardJMorinC. Insomnia in the context of cancer: a review of a neglected problem.Journal of Clinical Oncology. (2001) 19:895–908. 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.3.895

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 54.

  MarinoMLiYRueschmanMWinkelmanJEllenbogenJSoletJet alMeasuring sleep: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of wrist actigraphy compared to polysomnography.Sleep. (2013) 36:1747–55. 10.5665/sleep.3142

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 55.

  DrakeCRoehrsTRichardsonGWalshJRothT. Shift work sleep disorder: Prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers.Sleep. (2004) 27:1453–62. 10.1093/sleep/27.8.1453

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 56.

  JohnsonERothTBreslauN. The association of insomnia with anxiety disorders and depression: Exploration of the direction of risk.J Psychiatr Res. (2006) 40:700–8. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.008

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 57.

  NofzingerEBuysseDGermainAPriceJMiewaldJKupferD. Functional neuroimaging evidence for hyperarousal in insomnia.Am J Psychiatry. (2004) 161:2126–8. 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2126

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 58.

  RossiRSocciVTaleviDMensiSNioluCPacittiFet alCOVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy.Front Psychiatry. (2020) 11:790. 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 59.

  LittnerMKushidaCAndersonWBaileyDBerryRDavilaDet alPractice parameters for the role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms: an update for 2002–an American academy of sleep medicine report.Sleep. (2003) 26:337–41. 10.1093/sleep/26.3.337

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 60.

  BaglioniCSpiegelhalderKLombardoCRiemannD. Sleep and emotions: a focus on insomnia.Sleep Med Rev. (2010) 14:227–38. 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.007

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 61.

  MorinCBencaR. Chronic insomnia.Lancet. (2012) 379:1129–41. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60750-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 62.

  CajochenCKräuchiKWirz-JusticeA. Role of melatonin in the regulation of human circadian rhythms and sleep.J Neuroendocrinol. (2003) 15:432–7. 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.00989.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 63.

  MorinCVallièresAGuayBIversHSavardJMéretteCet alcognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia a randomized controlled trial.JAMA. (2009) 301:2005–15. 10.1001/jama.2009.682

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 64.

  HaoFTanWJiangLZhangLZhaoXZouYet alDo psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry.Brain Behav Immun. (2020) 87:100–6. 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 65.

  TrauerJQianMDoyleJRajaratnamSCunningtonD. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann Intern Med. (2015) 163:191–204. 10.7326/M14-2841

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 66.

  MorinCRodrigueSIversH. Role of stress, arousal, and coping skills in primary insomnia.Psychosom Med. (2003) 65:259–67. 10.1097/01.PSY.0000030391.09558.A3

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 67.

  DaleyMMorinCLeBlancMGrégoireJSavardJ. The economic burden of insomnia: direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers.Sleep. (2009) 32:55–64.

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • Google Scholar

• 68.

  SateiaMBuysseDKrystalANeubauerDHealdJ. Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American academy of sleep medicine clinical practice guideline.J Clin Sleep Med. (2017) 13:307–49. 10.5664/jcsm.6470

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 69.

  National Institutes of Health.National institutes of health state of the science conference statement–manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults June 13-15, 2005.Sleep. (2005) 28:1049–57. 10.1093/sleep/28.9.1049

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 70.

  EdingerJWohlgemuthWRadtkeRMarshGQuillianR. Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of chronic primary insomnia–a randomized controlled trial.JAMA. (2001) 285:1856–64. 10.1001/jama.285.14.1856

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 71.

  RiemannDVoderholzerU. Primary insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression?J Affect Disord. (2003) 76:255–9. 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00072-1

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 72.

  NeckelmannDMykletunADahlA. Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression.Sleep. (2007) 30:873–80. 10.1093/sleep/30.7.873

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 73.

  Fortier-BrochuEBeaulieu-BonneauSIversHMorinC. Insomnia and daytime cognitive performance: a meta-analysis.Sleep Med Rev. (2012) 16:83–94. 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.008

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 74.

  VgontzasANFernandez-MendozaJLiaoDBixlerEO. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder.Sleep Med Rev. (2013) 17:241–54. 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.005

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 75.

  LichsteinKStoneKDonaldsonJNauSSoeffingJMurrayDet alActigraphy validation with insomnia.Sleep. (2006) 29:232–9.

  • Google Scholar

• 76.

  MorinCMVallièresAHansI. Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (DBAS): validation of a brief version (DBAS-16).Sleep. (2011) 30:1547–54. 10.1093/sleep/30.11.1547

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 77.

  StepanskiEWyattJ. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia.Sleep Med Rev. (2003) 7:215–25. 10.1053/smrv.2001.0246

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 78.

  AltenaEBaglioniCEspieCAEllisJGavriloffDHolzingerBet alDealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy.J Sleep Res. (2020) 29:e13052. 10.1111/jsr.13052

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 79.

  MorphyHDunnKLewisMBoardmanHCroftP. Epidemiology of insomnia: a longitudinal study in a UK population.Sleep. (2007) 30:274–80.

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • Google Scholar

• 80.

  SivertsenBOmvikSPallesenSBjorvatnBHavikOKvaleGet alCognitive behavioral therapy vs zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults–a randomized controlled trial.JAMA. (2006) 295:2851–8. 10.1001/jama.295.24.2851

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 81.

  EspieC. Insomnia: conceptual issues in the development, persistence, and treatment of sleep disorder in adults.Annu Rev Psychol. (2002) 53:215–43. 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135243

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 82.

  JohnsonERothTSchultzLBreslauN. Epidemiology of DSM-IV insomnia in adolescence: lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and an emergent gender difference.Pediatrics. (2006) 117:e247–56. 10.1542/peds.2004-2629

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 83.

  BertolaziAFagondesSHoffLDartoraEMiozzoIde BarbaMet alValidation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index.Sleep Med. (2011) 12:70–5. 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.04.020

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 84.

  IrwinMColeJNicassioP. Comparative meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for insomnia and their efficacy in middle-aged adults and in older adults 55+years of age.Health Psychol. (2006) 25:3–14. 10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.3

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 85.

  JacobsGPace-SchottEStickgoldROttoM. Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia– randomized controlled trial and direct comparison.Arch Intern Med. (2004) 164:1888–96. 10.1001/archinte.164.17.1888

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 86.

  SoldatosCDikeosDPaparrigopoulosT. The diagnostic validity of the athens insomnia scale.J Psychosom Res. (2003) 55:263–7. 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00604-9

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 87.

  Jansson-FrojmarkMLindblomK. A bidirectional relationship between anxiety and depression, and insomnia? A prospective study in the general population.J Psychosom Res. (2008) 64:443–9. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.10.016

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 88.

  KrystalAWalshJLaskaECaronJAmatoDWesselTet alSustained efficacy of eszopiclone over 6 months of nightly treatment: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia.Sleep. (2003) 26:793–9. 10.1093/sleep/26.7.793

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 89.

  ProberDRihelJOnahASungRSchierA. Hypocretin/orexin overexpression induces an insomnia-like phenotype in zebrafish.J Neurosci. (2006) 26:13400–10. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4332-06.2006

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 90.

  SavardJSimardSIversHMorinC. Randomized study on the efficacy of cognitive-bahavioural therapy for insomnia secondary to breast cancer, part I: Sleep and psychological effects.J Clin Oncol. (2005) 23:6083–96. 10.1200/JCO.2005.09.548

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 91.

  YoungstedtS. Effects of exercise on sleep.Clin Sports Med. (2005) 24:355–65,xi. 10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.003

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 92.

  FavaMMcCallWKrystalAWesselTRubensRCaronJet alEszopiclone co-administered with fluoxetine in patients with insomnia coexisting with major depressive disorder.Biol Psychiatry. (2006) 59:1052–60. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.016

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 93.

  VgontzasALiaoDPejovicSCalhounSKaratarakiMBixlerE. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with type 2 diabetes a population-based study.Diabetes Care. (2009) 32:1980–5. 10.2337/dc09-0284

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 94.

  MorinCMBélangerLLeBlancMIversHSavardJEspieCet alThe natural history of insomnia: a population-based 3-year longitudinal study.Arch Intern Med. (2009) 169:447–53. 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.610

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 95.

  PerlisMSmithMAndrewsPOrffHGilesD. Beta/gamma EEG activity in patients with primary and secondary insomnia and good sleeper controls.Sleep. (2001) 24:110–7. 10.1093/sleep/24.1.110

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 96.

  LegerDGuilleminaultCBaderGLévyEPaillardM. Medical and socio-professional impact of insomnia.Sleep. (2002) 25:625–9. 10.1093/sleep/25.6.621

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 97.

  SofiFCesariFCasiniAMacchiCAbbateRGensiniG. Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis.Eur J Prev Cardiol. (2014) 21:57–64. 10.1177/2047487312460020

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 98.

  BuysseDGermainAMoulDFranzenPBrarLFletcherMet alEfficacy of brief behavioral treatment for chronic insomnia in older adults.Arch Intern Med. (2011) 171:887–95. 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.535

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 99.

  LeBlancMMéretteCSavardJIversHBaillargeonLMorinC. Incidence and risk factors of insomnia in a population-based sample.Sleep. (2009) 32:1027–37. 10.1093/sleep/32.8.1027

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 100.

  WilsonSAndersonKBaldwinDDijkDEspieAEspieCet alBritish Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders.J Psychopharmacol. (2010) 33:923–47. 10.1177/0269881119855343

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 101.

  PaleshORoscoeJMustianKRothTSavardJAncoli-IsraelSet alPrevalence, demographics, and psychological associations of sleep disruption in patients with cancer: university of rochester cancer center-community clinical oncology program.J Clin Oncol. (2010) 28:292–8. 10.1200/JCO.2009.22.5011

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 102.

  KesslerRBerglundPCoulouvratCHajakGRothTShahlyVet alInsomnia and the performance of US workers: results from the America insomnia survey.Sleep. (2011) 34:1161–71. 10.5665/SLEEP.1230

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 103.

  ReidKBaronKLuBNaylorEWolfeLZeeP. Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia.Sleep Med. (2010) 11:934–40. 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.04.014

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 104.

  EspieCKyleSWilliamsCOngJDouglasNHamesPet alA randomized, placebo-controlled trial of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an automated media-rich web application.Sleep. (2012) 35:769–81. 10.5665/sleep.1872

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 105.

  HarrisonTKeatingG. Zolpidem–a review of its use in the management of insomnia.CNS Drugs. (2005) 19:65–89. 10.2165/00023210-200519010-00008

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 106.

  ZachariaeRLybyMRitterbandLO’TooleM. Efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia–a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Sleep Med Rev. (2016) 30:1–10. 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.10.004

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 107.

  FordDEKamerowDB. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?JAMA. (1989) 262:1479–84. 10.1001/jama.262.11.1479

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 108.

  BreslauNRothTRosenthalLAndreskiP. Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults.Biol Psychiatry. (1996) 39:411–8. 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00188-3

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 109.

  GuoJGuDZhaoTZhaoZXiongYSunMet alTrends in piezo channel research over the past decade: a bibliometric analysis.Front Pharmacol. (2021) 12:668714. 10.3389/fphar.2021.668714

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 110.

  JiXIversHBeaulieu-BonneauSMorinC. Complementary and alternative treatments for insomnia/insomnia -depression-anxiety symptom cluster: meta-analysis of English and Chinese literature.Sleep Med Rev. (2021) 58:101445. 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101445

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 111.

  SelvanathanJPhamCNagappaMPengPWEnglesakisMEspieCAet alCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with chronic pain–a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Sleep Med Rev. (2021) 60:101460. 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101460

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 112.

  LanceeJHarveyAGMorinCMIversHZweerdeT vBlankenTF. Network intervention analyses of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy for insomnia: symptom specific effects and process measures.Behav Res Ther. (2022) 153:104100. 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104100

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 113.

  RitterbandLMThorndikeFPMorinCMGerwienREnmanNMXiongRet alReal-world evidence from users of a behavioral digital therapeutic for chronic insomnia.Behav Res Ther. (2022) 153:104084. 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104084

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 114.

  MorinCMBjorvatnBChungFHolzingerBPartinenMPenzelTet alInsomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international collaborative study.Sleep Med. (2021) 87:38–45. 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.035

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 115.

  ManzarMJahramiHBahammamA. Structural validity of the insomnia severity index: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sleep Med Rev. (2021) 60:101531. 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101531

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 116.

  SpielmanACarusoLGlovinskyP. A behavior perspective on insomnia treatment.Psychiatr Clin North Am. (1987) 10:541–53. 10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30532-X

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 117.

  SuTLienT. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and psychological adaptation of the nurses in a structured SARS caring unit during outbreak: a prospective and periodic assessment study in Taiwan.J Psychiatr Res. (2007) 41:119–30. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.12.006

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 118.

  LiYChenBHongZSunQDaiYBastaMet alInsomnia symptoms during the early and late stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sleep Med. (2022) 91:262–72. 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.09.014

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 119.

  ŠljivoAJuginoviAIvanoviKQuraishiIMulaAKovaèeviZet alSleep quality and patterns of young West Balkan adults during the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.BMJ Open. (2022) 12:e060381. 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060381

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 120.

  ConteFDe RosaORescottMLArabiaTPD’OnofrioPLustroAet alHigh sleep fragmentation parallels poor subjective sleep quality during the third wave of the Covid-19 pandemic: an actigraphic study.J Sleep Res. (2022) 31:e13519. 10.1111/jsr.13519

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 121.

  TaylorDLichsteinKDurrenceH. Insomnia as a health risk factor.Behav Sleep Med. (2003) 1:227. 10.1207/S15402010BSM0104_5

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 122.

  SforzaMGalbiatiAZucconiMCasoniFHensleyMFerini-StrambiLet alDepressive and stress symptoms in insomnia patients predict group cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia long-term effectiveness: a data-driven analysis.J Affect Disord. (2021) 289:117–24. 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.021

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 123.

  EspositoEDi MatteoVDi GiovanniG. Serotonin-dopamine interaction: an overview.Prog Brain Res. (2008) 172:3–6. 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00901-1

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 124.

  HamannCBankmannJMora MazaHKornhuberJZoicasISchmitt-BöhrerA. Social fear affects limbic system neuronal activity and gene expression.Int J Mol Sci. (2022) 23:8228. 10.3390/ijms23158228

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 125.

  BlakeMTrinderJAllenN. Mechanisms underlying the association between insomnia, anxiety, and depression in adolescence: implications for behavioral sleep interventions.Clin Psychol Rev. (2018) 63:25–40. 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.006

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 126.

  SabbahSWordenMSLaniadoDDBersonDMSanesJN. Luxotonic signals in human prefrontal cortex as a possible substrate for effects of light on mood and cognition.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2022) 119:e2118192119. 10.1073/pnas.2118192119

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 127.

  LiverantGArditte HallKWiemanSPinelesSPizzagalliD. Associations between insomnia and reward learning in clinical depression.Psychol Med. (2021) 26:1–10. 10.1017/S003329172100026X

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 128.

  WiemanSTHallKAMacDonaldHZGallagherMWSuvakMKRandoAAet alRelationships among sleep disturbance, reward system functioning, anhedonia, and depressive symptoms.Behav Ther. (2022) 53:105–18. 10.1016/j.beth.2021.06.006

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 129.

  SchillerCEWalshEEisenlohr-MoulTAPrimJDichterGSSchiffLet alEffects of gonadal steroids on reward circuitry function and anhedonia in women with a history of postpartum depression.J Affect Disord. (2022) 314:176–84. 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.078

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 130.

  KirschnerMCathomasFManoliuAHabermeyerBSimonJJSeifritzEet alShared and dissociable features of apathy and reward system dysfunction in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia.Psychol Med. (2020) 50:936–47. 10.1017/S0033291719000801

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 131.

  BjorvatnBJernelövSPallesenS. Insomnia–a heterogenic disorder often comorbid with psychological and somatic disorders and diseases: a narrative review with focus on diagnostic and treatment challenges.Front Psychol. (2021) 12:639198. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639198

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 132.

  FietzeILaharnarNKoellnerVPenzelT. The different faces of insomnia.Front Psychiatry. (2021) 12:683943. 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.683943

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 133.

  ReynoldsCFIIIKupferDJBuysseDJCoblePAYeagerA. Subtyping DSM-III-R primary insomnia: a literature review by the DSM-IV work group on sleep disorders.Am J Psychiatry. (1991) 148:432–8. 10.1176/ajp.148.4.432

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 134.

  American Academy of Sleep Medicine.International Classification of Sleep Disorders.3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014).

  • Google Scholar

• 135.

  American Academy of Sleep Medicine.International Classification of Sleep Disorders.2nd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2005).

  • Google Scholar

• 136.

  BlankenTBenjaminsJBorsboomDVermuntJPaquolaCRamautarJet alInsomnia disorder subtypes derived from life history and traits of affect and personality.Lancet Psychiatry. (2019) 6:151–63. 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30464-4

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 137.

  BenjaminsJSMiglioratiFDekkerKWassingRMoensSBlankenTFet alInsomnia heterogeneity: characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping.Sleep Med. Rev. (2017) 36:71–81. 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.10.005

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 138.

  Dang-VuTTHatchBSalimiAMograssMBoucettaSO’ByrneJet alSleep spindles may predict response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia.Sleep Med. (2017) 39:54–61. 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.08.012

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 139.

  van de LaarMLeufkensTBakkerBPevernagieDOvereemS. Phenotypes of sleeplessness: stressing the need for psychodiagnostics in the assessment of insomnia.Psychol Heal Med. (2017) 22:902–10. 10.1080/13548506.2017.1286360

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 140.

  BaglioniCRegenWTeghenASpiegelhalderKFeigeBNissenCet alSleep changes in the disorder of insomnia: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies.Sleep Med Rev. (2014) 18:195–213. 10.1016/j.smrv.2013.04.001

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 141.

  Van SomerenEJWAltenaERamauterJRStoffersDBenjaminsJMoensSet alImaging Causes and Consequences of Insomnia and Sleep Complaints.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2013). p. 187–96.

  • Google Scholar

• 142.

  HarveyCGehrmanPEspieC. Who is predisposed to insomnia: a review of familial aggregation, stress-reactivity, personality and coping style.Sleep Med Rev. (2014) 18:237–47. 10.1016/j.smrv.2013.11.004

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 143.

  OkajimaIKomadaYInoueY. A meta-analysis on the treatment effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for primary insomnia.Sleep Biol Rhythms. (2011) 9:24–34. 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00481.x

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 144.

  RandallCNowakowskiSEllisJG. Managing acute insomnia in prison: evaluation of a “One-Shot” cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) intervention.Behav Sleep Med. (2019) 17:827–36. 10.1080/15402002.2018.1518227

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 145.

  LuikAvan der ZweerdeTvan StratenALanceeJ. Digital delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.Curr Psychiatry Rep. (2019) 21:50. 10.1007/s11920-019-1041-0

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 146.

  VedaaØKallestadHScottJSmithOPallesenSMorkenGet alEffects of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on insomnia severity: a large-scale randomised controlled trial.Lancet Digit Health. (2020) 2:e397–406. 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30135-7

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 147.

  LiuXLiYYanRTimoHLiDLiuSet alThe platform development, adherence and efficacy to a digital Brief therapy for insomnia (dBTI) during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods. (2022) 205:39–45. 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.04.016

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 148.

  LégerDDebellemaniereERabatABayonVBenchenaneKChennaouiM. Slow-wave sleep: from the cell to the clinic.Sleep Med Rev. (2018) 41:113–32. 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.008

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 149.

  RaschBBornJ. About sleeps role in memory.Physiol Rev. (2013) 93:681–766. 10.1152/physrev.00032.2012

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 150.

  OngJPatanaikACheeNLeeXPohJCheeM. Auditory stimulation of sleep slow oscillations modulates subsequent memory encoding through altered hippocampal function.Sleep (Basel). (2018) 5:1–11. 10.1093/sleep/zsy031

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 151.

  MarshallL. Transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory.J Neurosci. (2004) 44:9985–92. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2725-04.2004

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 152.

  WalshJ. Enhancement of slow wave sleep: implications for insomnia.J Clin Sleep Med. (2009) 5(Suppl. 2):S27–32. 10.5664/jcsm.5.2S.S27

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 153.

  ZhangYGruberR. Can slow-wave sleep enhancement improve memory? A review of current approaches and cognitive outcomes.Yale J Biol Med. (2019) 92:63–80.

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • Google Scholar

• 154.

  ScholesSSantistebanJZhangYBertoneAGruberR. Modulation of Slow-wave sleep: implications for psychiatry.Curr Psychiatry Rep. (2020) 22:52. 10.1007/s11920-020-01175-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 155.

  WoodKHMemonAAMemonRAJoopAPilkingtonJCatiulCet alSlow wave sleep and EEG delta spectral power are associated with cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease.J Parkinsons Dis. (2021) 11:703–14. 10.3233/JPD-202215

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 156.

  FacchinLSchöneCMensenABandarabadiMPilottoFSaxenaSet alSlow waves promote sleep-dependent plasticity and functional recovery after stroke.J Neurosci. (2020) 40:8637–51. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0373-20.2020

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 157.

  BesedovskyLCordiMWißlicenLMartínez-AlbertEBornJRaschB. Hypnotic enhancement of slow-wave sleep increases sleep-associated hormone secretion and reduces sympathetic predominance in healthy humans.Commun Biol. (2022) 5:747. 10.1038/s42003-022-03643-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar