Examination of game addiction studies conducted in Turkey: A systematic review study

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the methodological orientations in game addiction studies in Turkey between 2019 and 2022 in a holistic way and to present suggestions for new literature studies. For this purpose, only articles written in Turkish language were reviewed on Google Scholar. Open-access quantitative studies between 2019 and 2022 were included in our study. As a result, 69 out of 257 studies were found to comply with the predetermined criteria. The number of participants in these 69 studies, with a total sample size of 26,415, varies between 60 and 987. Almost half of the studies sample group is children (n = 36). The majority of the studies examine the relationship between academic achievement, familial and social relationship problems, gaming behavior and game addiction in children and adolescents. It was found that gaming addiction was higher in male students compared to female students, especially between the ages of 14–15. Among children, male students play digital games more than girls, and they mostly prefer action-adventure, war, and racing games. Previous studies have concluded that the use of consoles and smartphones in adolescents and young adults has a high impact on digital game addiction. In the light of the findings, it is suggested that empirical studies on game addiction should be addressed with different aspects using new literature studies.

Introduction

While technological devices and the internet are used as a facilitating tool in many aspects of life, their use for games and entertainment has become quite widespread. It is found that digital games, which have users in almost every segment of the society, are widespread especially among young people (1). In this respect, some individuals may lose control over gaming to the extent that it becomes problematic (2). In the 11th revision of the International Disease Classification (ICD-11), gaming disorder is defined as a gaming behavior model characterized by loss of control over gaming (3). According to the diagnosis, it has been stated that the occurrence of 5 of the following 9 items in the last 12 months can be mainly evaluated in the diagnosis. These criteria are: (1) Constantly dealing with internet games mentally. (2) The emergence of withdrawal symptoms when internet games are not accessible. (3) Willingness to spend longer periods gaming and increased tolerance. (4) Unsuccessful attempts to control the gaming behavior. (5) Loss of interest in old hobbies and entertainment due to playing internet games. (6) To continue the games excessively despite the problems that arise. (7) Lying to his/her family, therapist and environment about the duration of playing internet games. (8) Playing internet games to escape or get rid of negative emotional states (such as guilt, anxiety). (9) To jeopardize or give up an important relationship, education or job opportunity to play internet games.

When we take look at the prevalence of playing games around the world, on average, 51% of Europeans play video games, whereas 59% of them use smartphones or tablets while playing video games (4). The rate of gaming disorder in Europe is reported to be between 1 and 10% (5–8). In addition, in a study conducted among young people in East and Southeast Asian countries, the prevalence of gaming disorder was found to be around 10–15% (9). In a study conducted in Switzerland in 2015, 15% of individuals between the ages of 15–34 (10); 14% of adults in Republic of Korea (11) and 17% of participants in a study conducted with secondary school students in Iran (12) were found to develop gaming disorders.

According to the Gaming in Turkey Game/E-Sports Agency’s Game Sector in Turkey 2020 Report, 79% of adults in Turkey play digital games (13). According to a comprehensive study conducted throughout Turkey in 2019, the rate of individuals with a high risk of digital game addiction was found to be 32%. In addition, it has been stated that individuals between the ages of 18–23 living in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions have a higher risk (14). Considering the data, an increased risk of game addiction is seen. In this vein, the importance of the study is that gives direction to new research by examining the previous literature on game addiction in Turkey.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the variables, methodological trends and analysis methods of digital game addiction studies conducted in Turkey between 2019 and 2022 (July 2022). In this context, the questions of our study are determined as follows.

• What are the methodologies used in digital game addiction studies?

• What are the characteristics of the samples in digital game addiction studies?

• What are the data analysis methods in digital game addiction studies?

• What are the variables in digital game addiction studies and what are the variables that are effective and are not effective?

Method

Search strategies

The study data (“Game Addiction” and “GA”), (“Digital Game Addiction” and “DGA”), (“Internet Game Addiction” and “IGA”), (“Computer Game Addiction” and “CGA”) terms were only reviewed in the literature by marking the “Search in Turkish pages” option on Google Scholar. The study data were collected only from the research data written in Turkish language. For this reason, no search was made through the Web of Science database. Studies published between 2019 and July 2022 were examined. Previously, there was a systematic review study on digital game addictions by Şimşek and Yılmaz (15) between 2010 and 2018. For this reason, it was decided that the date range of our study will cover the period between 2019 and 2022.

Study selection

After the literature review, a total of 257 open-access articles, papers and thesis studies were found. The thesis and paper studies were not included in the study because they did not undergo a double-blind review process. After the procedure, a total of 69 articles were found to comply with the following criteria (Figure 1):

Figure 1

• Published between 2019 and July 2022,

• A quantitative research article,

• Published in Turkish language (It is aimed to contribute to the international literature), and

• Open access.

Data analysis

In systematic analysis, basic information about the study is analyzed in accordance with the purpose of the study (16). All the studies collected were numbered and listed as publication title, sampling type, sample group, sample size, study variables and analysis type with a table on Microsoft Excel. After the listing, the studies to be included were determined by considering the predetermined criteria. After the analysis procedures were completed, the findings were presented according to the methodological trends in digital game addiction studies and research questions related to digital game addiction.

Results

Methodological trends in digital game addiction studies

As seen in Table 1, the titles of 69 publications, sample group, sample size and study variables are specified.

As a result of the literature review, there are 69 studies that meet the criteria. The total sample size of 69 studies was 26,415. Many different types of samples were used, and the number of participants in the studies varied between 60 and 987. Most of the studies have studied large sample groups. The sample group of almost half of the studies consisted of children (n = 36). The remaining sample groups consisted of studies with adolescents or those involving adolescents (n = 21) and studies with young adults or those involving young adults (n = 15).

Data collection tools used to measure game addiction levels are presented in Table 2. In these studies, valid and reliable scales were utilized. Especially since 2020, new scales have been developed and started to be widely used with the concept of game addiction finding more place in the literature. The Computer Game Addiction Scale for Children and the Digital Gaming Addiction Scale for Children are among the commonly used scales. In the 16 study “Computer Game Addiction Scale for Children,” in 16 study “Digital Game Addiction Scale for Children,” in the 14 study “Digital Game Addiction Scale,” in the 9 study “Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents,” in the 5 study “Online Gaming Addiction Scale,” in the 4 study “Digital Gaming Addiction Scale for University Students,” in the 2 study “Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form” and in the 2 study “Gaming Addiction Scale” was used.

Children and adolescents have a higher risk of gaming addiction. However, it was found that gaming addiction was higher in male students compared to female students, especially between the ages of 14–15 (in the 24 study). It was concluded that the levels of digital game addiction and aggression were high in children whose gaming duration was not restricted by parents. Among children, male students play digital games more than girls, and they mostly prefer action-adventure, war, and racing games. As children’s digital game addiction increases, their subjective well-being, and self-efficacy levels tend to decrease. Studies conducted with children have demonstrated that social anxiety significantly affects computer game addiction in children. In addition, it can be purported that computer game addiction and the tendency to violence in children may increase with the prolonged playing of violent computer games. Similarly, studies conducted with children have shown that most of the children play games from mobile devices; most students play games at home; they mostly prefer educational games, and they usually play games while traveling and in their spare time.

It was observed that adolescents who played excessive digital games had lower levels of self-control. In addition, it has been revealed that adolescents watching violent movies have higher levels of game addiction. Moreover, previous studies have concluded that the use of consoles and smartphones in adolescents and young adults has a high impact on digital game addiction.

It has also been observed that anxiety can lead to digital game addiction in young adults and those with aggressive behaviors have a higher risk of game addiction. When the duration of playing digital games before and during the pandemic in young adults was compared, it was found that this duration increased significantly during the pandemic, that digital games were played mostly by phone, and that the pandemic process increased the rate of playing war strategy games. According to a study conducted with young adults, it was found that males had a higher risk of being addicted to digital games than females, that 58% of university students chose mobile platforms to play digital games, that the most preferred game genre was First-Person Shooter (FPS) genre (31%), and that 80.7% of the students participated in the study had low-risk and risky scores in terms of addiction.

Discussion

In this study, the studies conducted in the literature were reviewed in order to present new ideas and draw a road map for the studies on game addiction in Turkey. When the studies on game addictions are examined, it is seen that the studies conducted in certain areas make the literature saturated.

According to previous studies, digital game addiction has been shown to have a negative effect on physical and psychological health, well-being, functionality, work, school and private life (93–95). When the literature was examined, it was seen that gaming addiction had negative effects on children and adolescents’ academic achievement, family life and social relations in parallel with our systematic review (96–98). On the other hand, as in children and adolescents, there are negative effects of game addiction in adults (99–101). Considering the studies conducted with adults, it is noteworthy that there are few studies conducted with adults in Turkey. The majority of the studies studied children and adolescents. The effects of game addiction on adults need to be further examined in Turkey.

Considering the studies conducted, it is of great importance to select the correct and appropriate sample although the selected sample sizes are sufficient (102). In the majority of the studies, it was observed that more easily accessible sample groups were selected. As the sample size increases, it is seen that the statistical significance increases especially in correlational studies. For this reason, it is important that the studies designed have randomization and control groups in order to obtain more qualified results. When the studies were examined, it was seen that they recruited the participants with random sampling method. In addition, these studies should be supported by regression studies, beyond correlation studies. In order to obtain more accurate and generalizable data, experimental studies with control groups and random assignment should be designed.

When the variables and results discussed in these studies were examined, it was seen that correlational analyzes were used for variables such as gender, age, parental education status, having a computer, grade level, academic achievement, and the ages of the participants. These variables are also widely discussed in the global literature. When the studies were examined, it was determined that males were more addicted to digital games or riskier than females in terms of gender. Literature shows that boys are more interested in computer games than girls, that the level of game addiction was higher than girls, and that they were more exposed to the effects of computer games—all of which are in line with the findings of the current research (103–105). Similarly, considering the previous studies, it was observed that children and adolescents who perceived that they had social support had a lower risk of game addiction. When the global literature is examined, it is seen that social support reduces game addiction levels as it positively affects psychosocial well-being (106, 107).

As a result, this study has made suggestions on the elements to be considered in the digital game addiction studies conducted in Turkey. During the assessment process of this study, new studies were conducted in accordance with some of the suggestions in the discussions of this study. Especially in children and adolescents, there are studies examining the relationship between academic achievement, familial and social relationship problems, gaming behavior and game addiction. However, there is still a need for studies that are supported by quantitative methods that will provide an in-depth understanding of addiction, and whose methodologies are clear and appropriate. Finally, it can be suggested to future empirical studies to address different dimensions of digital game addiction with new literature studies.

Limitation of study

This study has various limitations. Firstly, the study is limited to the studies conducted in Turkey between certain years and reviewed in certain databases. In the preparation phase of the study, studies conducted until 2022 were addressed. Finally, only quantitative data were included in the study.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

• 1.

  GentileD. Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: a national study. Psychol Sci. (2009) 20:594–602. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02340.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 2.

  HellmanMSchoenmakersTMNordstromBRvan HolstRJ. Is there such a thing as online video game addiction? A cross-disciplinary review. Addict Res Theory. (2013) 21:102–12. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2012.693222

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 3.

  WHO. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th revision). Geneva: WHO (2018).

  • Google Scholar

• 4.

  ISFE. Key Facts 2019. Trends and data. ISFE (2020). Available at: https://www.isfe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ISFE-final-1.pdf

• 5.

  HaagsmaMCPieterseMEPetersO. The prevalence of problematic video gamers in the Netherlands. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. (2012) 15:162–8. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2011.0248

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 6.

  MüllerKWJanikianMDreierMWölflingKBeutelMETzavaraCet al. Regular gaming behavior and internet gaming disorder in European adolescents: results from a cross-national representative survey of prevalence, predictors, and psychopathological correlates. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2015) 24:565–74. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0611-2

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 7.

  PrzybylskiAKWeinsteinNMurayamaK. Internet gaming disorder: investigating the clinical relevance of a new phenomenon. Am J Psychiatr. (2017) 174:230–6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020224

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 8.

  RehbeinFKliemSBaierDMößleTPetryNM. Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in German adolescents: diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM-5 criteria in a state-wide representative sample. Addiction. (2015) 110:842–51. doi: 10.1111/add.12849

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 9.

  AchabS.MeuliV.DeluzeJ.ThorensG.RothernS.KhazaalY.et al. (2015). Challenges and trends of identification and treatment of disorders associated with problematic use of internet. Public Health Implications of Excessive Use of the Internet, Computers, Smartphones and Similar Electronic Devices, pp. 31–59.

  • Google Scholar

• 10.

  SaundersJBHaoWLongJKingDLMannKFauth-BühlerMet al. Gaming disorder: its delineation as an important condition for diagnosis, management, and prevention. J Behav Addict. (2017) 6:271–9. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.039

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 11.

  KimNRHwangSS-HChoiJ-SKimD-JDemetrovicsZKirályOet al. Characteristics and psychiatric symptoms of internet gaming disorder among adults using self-reported DSM-5 criteria. Psychiatry Investig. (2016) 13:58–66. doi: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.1.58

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 12.

  ZamaniEKheradmandACheshmiMAbediAHedayatiN. Comparing the social skills of students addicted to computer games with normal students. Addict Health. (2010) 2:59–65.

  • Google Scholar

• 13.

  Gaming in Turkey-Oyun ve Spor Ajansı. (2020). Türkiye oyun sektörü raporu. Available at: https://www.gaminginturkey.com/turkiye-oyun-sektoru-raporu-2019.pdf

• 14.

  ÜnübolH.SayarG. H. TURBAHAR-Türkiye Bağımlılık Risk Profili Ve Ruh Sağlığı Haritası Proje Sonuç Raporu. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Yayınları. (2019).

  • Google Scholar

• 15.

  ŞimşekEYılmazTK. Türkiye’de yürütülen dijital oyun bağımlılığı çalışmalarındaki yöntem ve sonuçların sistematik incelemesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. (2020) 28:1851–66. doi: 10.24106/kefdergi.3920

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 16.

  PetersMDJGodfreyCMKhalilHMcInerneyPParkerDSoaresCB. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement. (2015) 13:141–6. doi: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 17.

  GöymenRTuncayA. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve oyun bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Online J Technol Addict Cyberbullying. (2019) 6:36–52.

  • Google Scholar

• 18.

  GüvendiBDemirGTKeskinB. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığı ve saldırganlık. OPUS Int J Soc Res. (2019) 11:1194–217. doi: 10.26466/opus.547092

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 19.

  TaşİGüneşZ. 8-12 yaş arası çocuklarda bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı, aleksitimi, sosyal anksiyete, yaş ve cinsiyetin incelenmesi. Derg Klin Psikiyatri. (2019) 22:83–92. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2018.17894

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 20.

  KılıçKM. Ergenlerde dijital oyun bağımlılığı, zorbalık bilişleri ve empati düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler. İlköğretim Online (Elektronik). (2019) 18:549–62. doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2019.562015

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 21.

  Taşİ.SevinçH.Çocuklarda aleksitimi, bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı ve empatik eğilim arasındaki ilişki: bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi. (2019) 6:271–288. doi: 10.31682/ayna.518450

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 22.

  BedirDErhanSEAkkuşY. Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığı Sporcuların Psikolojik Becerilerini Etkiler Mi?Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2019) 21:40–9.

  • Google Scholar

• 23.

  BaysanÇEşAÇTezerM. Ergenlerin dijital oyun bağımlılığının okulda öznel iyi oluş açısından incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. (2019) 20:17–20. doi: 10.5455/apd.302644849

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 24.

  OrmanNKArıcakOT. Aşırı dijital oyun oynama davranışında anne tutumu ve benlik kontrolünün etkisi. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi. (2019) 1:40–2. doi: 10.35365/ctjpp.19.special1.11

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 25.

  TanrıverdiMYekelengaS. Genç Yetişkinlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Sağlıklı Yaşam Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2019) 20:224–31.

  • Google Scholar

• 26.

  Taşİ.Ergenlerde İnternette Amaçsız Gezinme ile Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişki: Anksiyetenin Aracı Etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. (2019):335–350.

  • Google Scholar

• 27.

  YalakiZTaşarMA. Ergenlerde çevrimiçi oyun oynama özellikleri akran zorbalığına yol açıyor mu?Ege Tıp Dergisi. (2019) 58:336–43. doi: 10.19161/etd.660982

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 28.

  YeşildalMDömbekciHAErişenMA. Çevirimiçi Oyun Bağımlılığı Ve Saldırganlık Üzerine Bir Araştırma A Research On Onlıne Gamıng Addıctıon And Aggressıon. Journal. (2019) 12.

  • Google Scholar

• 29.

  HazarZ. Investigation of the relationship between self-efficacy belief levels and digital game dependence of children who do and who do not do sports Spor yapan ve yapmayan çocukların dijital oyun bağımlılığı ile öz yeterlik inanç düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. J Hum Sci. (2019b) 16:315–25. doi: 10.14687/jhs.v16i1.5663

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 30.

  KorkmazÖKorkmazÖ. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin oyun bağımlılık düzeyleri, oyun alışkanlıkları ve tercihleri. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (2019) 20:798–812. doi: 10.17679/inuefd.505200

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 31.

  CanHCDemirGT. Sporcuların ve e-spor oyuncularının dijital oyun bağımlılığı ve dijital oyun bağımlılığına ilişkin farkındalık düzeyleri. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2020) 5:364–84. doi: 10.31680/gaunjss.770600

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 32.

  Soyöz-SemerciÖUBalcıEV. Lise öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığı üzerine bir alan araştırması: Uşak örneği. J Humanit Tourism Res. (2020) 10:538–67. doi: 10.14230/johut869

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 33.

  HazarKÖzpolatZHazarZ. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi (Niğde İli Örneği). SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2020) 18:225–34. doi: 10.33689/spormetre.647313

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 34.

  DinçerBKolanHİ. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı düzeyleri ile sorumluluk davranışı arasındaki ilişki. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. (2020) 28:2319–30. doi: 10.24106/kefdergi.833550

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 35.

  SallayiciZYöndemZ. Çocuklarda bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı düzeyi ile davranış problemleri arasındaki ilişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2020) 21:13–23.

  • Google Scholar

• 36.

  AkselNEnverS. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı, Öz Denetimi ve Sosyal Eğilimleri. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi. (2020) 10:436–44.

  • Google Scholar

• 37.

  GökbulutB. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin akran zorbalığı ve dijital oyun bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişki. Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. (2020) 8:89–100.

  • Google Scholar

• 38.

  AksoyABBursaGY. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığı İle Benlik Algıları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (2020) 56:206–26. doi: 10.21764/maeuefd.605304

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 39.

  BaysakEYertutanolFDKŞahinerİVCandansayarS. Çevrimiçi oyun oynayanların sosyodemografik özellikleri ve oyun bağımlılığının bazı psikososyal etmenlerle ilişkisi. Derg Klin Psikiyatri. (2020) 23:196–203. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.10337

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 40.

  ÇevıkCÖrsalÖCığercıYÖzyürekP. İlköğretim 3. ve 4. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığı ile Şiddete Eğilimleri Arasındaki İlişki•. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. (2020) 17:322–7. doi: 10.5222/HEAD.2020.76259

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 41.

  CengizSPekerADemiralpC. Djital Oyun Bağımlılığının Yordayıcısı Olarak Mutluluk. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying. (2020) 7:21–34.

  • Google Scholar

• 42.

  TalanTKalınkaraY. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin dijital oyun oynama eğilimlerinin ve bilgisayar oyun bağımlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Malatya ili örneği. J Instruct Technol Teach Educ. (2020) 9:1–13.

  • Google Scholar

• 43.

  TutarÖ. F.KırtepeA.NacarE.Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies - Social. (2020) 15:3197–3206. doi: 10.47356/TurkishStudies.46080

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 44.

  KüçükYÇakırR. Ortaokul öğrencilerinin dijital oyun bağımlılıklarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Turk J Primary Educ. (2020) 5:133–54.

  • Google Scholar

• 45.

  ArıkanGÖztürkA. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Güneydoğu Anadolu Örneği). Spor Eğitim Dergisi. (2020) 4:157–68.

  • Google Scholar

• 46.

  EyimayaAÖUğurSSezerTATezelA. İlkokul dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığının uyku ve diğer bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. J Turk Sleep Med. (2020) 2:83–90. doi: 10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2020.30502

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 47.

  TemizEKorkmazÖÇakırR. Meslek lisesi öğrencilerinin dijital oyun bağımlılıklarının, akıllı telefon ve bilgisayar bağımlılıkları çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Türkiye Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi. (2020) 5:117–33.

  • Google Scholar

• 48.

  SevalAGültekinM. Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığının Ailedeki Koruyucu Etkenler ve Kişisel Özellikler Açısından İncelenmesi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. (2020) 9:1508–20. doi: 10.33206/mjss.592332

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 49.

  LermiUNüketA. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinde Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığının Ebeveyn Davranışları Açısından İncelenmesi. İZÜ Eğitim Dergisi. (2020) 2:122–36. doi: 10.46423/izujed.749654

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 50.

  AkkayaFHTutgun-ÜnalATarhanN. Y Kuşağının Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının İncelenmesi. Online J Technol Addict Cyberbull. (2020) 8:1–22.

  • Google Scholar

• 51.

  KestaneMİlgarMZ. İlköğretim Çağındaki Öğrencilerin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Biruni Sağlık ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi (BSEBD). (2020).

  • Google Scholar

• 52.

  ÖztürkİŞDalamanO. İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılık Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. J Hist School (JOHS). (2020) 49:4148–69. doi: 10.29228/Joh.45501

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 53.

  KostakMAKocaaslanENUR. Hastanede Yatarak Tedavi Gören 6-12 Yaş Çocuklarda Bilgisayar Oyunları Bağımlılık Düzeyleri•. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. (2020) 17:231–7. doi: 10.5222/HEAD.2020.68736

  • Google Scholar

• 54.

  CansevenANalçakanGRVarolRSaracaloğluAS. Çocukların Dijital Bağımlılığı ile Bazı Koordinatif ve Kondisyonel Yetileri Arasındaki İlişkisi. Int J Sport Exerc Train Sci (IJSETS). (2020) 7:127–37. doi: 10.18826/useeabd.1016613

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 55.

  GülbetekinEGüvenETuncelO. Adolesanların Dijital oyun bağımlılığı ile fiziksel aktivite tutum ve davranışlarını etkileyen faktörler. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2021) 22:148–60. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.866578

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 56.

  YelizSYayanYÖYayanEH. COVİD-19 Sürecinde Çocukların Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin Uyku ve Akademik Başarılarına Etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2021) 22:447–54. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.930996

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 57.

  ÖzcanKÇelikSB. Motivasyonel görüşme tekniğine dayalı psiko-eğitim programının lise öğrencilerinin çevrimiçi oyun bağımlılığı düzeylerine etkisi. Ondokuz Mayis Univ J Educ Faculty. (2021) 40:257–74. doi: 10.7822/omuefd.759822

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 58.

  HazarZEkiciF. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı ile Zorbalık Bilişleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2021) 26:1–15.

  • Google Scholar

• 59.

  OrakMEHanifiÜYılmazE. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. (2021) 6:279–92. doi: 10.25307/jssr.961293

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 60.

  ŞahinDKahramanÖG. Okul Dönemi Çocuklarının Bilgisayar Oyun Bağımlılığı İle Davranış Problemleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi. (2021) 50:13–28. doi: 10.37669/milliegitim.682086

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 61.

  MarufoğluSKutlutürkS. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde dijital oyun bağımlılığının fiziksel aktivite ve uyku alışkanlıklarına etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2021) 22:114–22. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.817756

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 62.

  ÇakırYTuranN. Adölesanlarda Teknolojik Oyun Bağımlılığı İle Karakter Gelişimi Arasındaki İlişki. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. (2021) 13:270–80. doi: 10.18863/pgy.986936

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 63.

  AylaK. Adölesanlarda Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Mutluluk ve Yaşamın Anlamına Etkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2021) 22:297–304. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.902685

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 64.

  ÖzdemirMKaraboğaMT. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılıkları ve Sosyal Eğilimleri/Middle School Students’ Digital Game Addictions and Social Tendencies. E-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi. (2021) 12:17–35.

  • Google Scholar

• 65.

  KarataşB. Pandemi Sürecinde Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılıklarının İncelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2021) 23:195–207.

  • Google Scholar

• 66.

  KaymakEHBirginFNTekeliGGökçeKÜTAkgünHBaklaHet al. Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Çevrimiçi Oyun Bağımlılığının Stres, Anksiyete, Depresyon ve Başarı Üzerine Etkisi. Batı Karadeniz Tıp Dergisi. (2021) 5:33–43. doi: 10.29058/mjwbs.835101

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 67.

  İçenBUysalG. İlköğretim birinci kademe öğrencilerinin sanal oyun bağımlılık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. (2021) 14:532–44. doi: 10.26559/mersinsbd.856867

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 68.

  YağciAYalakiZ. Ergenlerde Çevrimiçi Oyun Bağımlılığının Algılanan Stres Düzeyi ve Algılanan Sosyal Destek ile Arasındaki İlişki. Çocuk Dergisi. (2021) 21:166–74. doi: 10.26650/jchild.2021.2.892293

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 69.

  SezginEEkizMASevimKIR. Genç ve Yetişkinlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığına İlişkin Farkındalık Düzeyi. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. (2021) 2:87–97.

  • Google Scholar

• 70.

  OğuzKOÇBoduroğluEGeziciSEkinayH. Niğde İli Ortaokul ve Lise Öğrencileri Oyun Bağımlılık Düzeylerinin Demografik Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Turkish Journal of. Educ Stud. (2021) 8:26–46. doi: 10.33907/turkjes.773027

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 71.

  ArzuK. Ergenlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Bazı Sosyodemografik Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi. (2021) 6:1–12. doi: 10.17932/IAU.EJNM.25480200.2022/ejnm_v6i1001

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 72.

  İbrahimTAŞKaracaoğluDAkpınarİYaseminTAŞ. Ergenlerde Aile Yaşam Doyumu ile Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Online J Technol Addict Cyberbull. (2022) 9:28–42.

  • Google Scholar

• 73.

  YavuzOÇınarSE. Ergenlerde İnternette Oyun Bağımlılığı Düzeyi ve Algılanan Sosyal Destek Arasındaki İlişkide Oyun Süresinin ve İşlevsel Olmayan İnanışın Aracı Rolü. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2022) 23:1–60. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.969479

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 74.

  TuncayBGögerB. Ergenlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı ve Uyku Kalitesi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. J Turk Sleep Med. (2022) 9:79–84. doi: 10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.52207

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 75.

  AküzümCBaranEÇelebiS. Okul Öncesi Dönemde Ebeveyn Tutumları ile Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Eğilimi Arasındaki İlişki. Electronic Turkish Studies. (2022) 17:427–58. doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.61958

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 76.

  KavlakMSarılırAİTönbolB. Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Yalnızlığı Tetikler Mi?Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Ereğli Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (2022) 4:1–13. doi: 10.51119/ereegf.2022.18

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 77.

  DuranE. Covid-19 Döneminde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Oyun Bağımlılığı, Kişilik Özellikleri ve Stresle Başaçıkma Tarzları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Int Soc Mentality Res Thinkers J. (2022) 60:988–94. doi: 10.29228/smryj.62252

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 78.

  AslanHBaşcıllarMKarataşK. Ergenlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı ile Sosyal Beceriler Arasındaki İlişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2022) 23:1. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.1033761

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 79.

  ÜstündağA. Çocukların Sosyal Medya, Akıllı Telefon ve Oyun Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2022) 23:1. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.955243

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 80.

  GürsuOÖzçelikMF. Ergenlik Döneminde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ve Dindarlık İlişkisi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD). (2022) 22:199–216. doi: 10.30627/cuilah.1092685

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 81.

  DenizGAydınSOdabaşD. Ankara İl Merkezindeki Ortaokul ve Lise Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı ve Anne Baba Tutumlarının İncelenmesi. Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi. (2022) 4:43–55. doi: 10.54061/jphn.1045517

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 82.

  DagYSYayanYOYayanEH. Cocuklarin Bilgisayar Oyun Bagimliliklari: Kronotip Uyku/computer game addictions of children: Chronotype sleep. J Turk Sleep Med. (2022) 9:73–8. doi: 10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.83703

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 83.

  BingölTHalimeE. Ergenlerde Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığının Boş Zaman Can Sıkıntısı Tarafından Yordanması. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi. (2022) 12:110–8. doi: 10.24315/tred.876441

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 84.

  KayhanOSabahS. Sedanter ve Spor Yapan Öğrencilerin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Amasya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. (2022) 11:111–20.

  • Google Scholar

• 85.

  AksuMHYığmanFEkiciE. İnternette Oyun Oynama Bozukluğu Belirtileri Olan Genç Erişkinlerde Agresyon ve Başa Çıkma Stratejileri. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer. (2022) 12:199–202. doi: 10.33631/sabd.1108620

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 86.

  HorzumMBAyasTBalta ÇakirÖ. Çocuklar için bilgisayar oyun bağımlılığı ölçeği. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi. (2008) 3:76–88.

  • Google Scholar

• 87.

  HazarZHazarM. Digital Game Addiction Scale for Children Çocuklar İçin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği. J Hum Sci. (2017) 14:203–16. doi: 10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4387

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 88.

  Yalçın IrmakAErdoğanS. Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anatol J Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. (2015) 16:10–18. doi: 10.5455/apd.170337

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 89.

  IlgazH. Ergenler için oyun bağımlılığı ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. İlköğretim Online. (2015) 14:874–84. doi: 10.17051/io.2015.75608

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 90.

  KayaAB. Çevrimiçi oyun bağımlılığı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması (Master’s thesis, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü). (2013).

  • Google Scholar

• 91.

  ArıcakOTDinçMYayMGriffithsMD. İnternet oyun oynama bozukluğu ölçeği kısa formunun (İOOBÖ9-KF) Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Addicta Turkish J Addictions. (2018) 5:615–36. doi: 10.15805/addicta.2019.6.1.0027

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 92.

  AkınAUstaFBaşaEÖzçelikB. Oyun bağımlılığı ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. (2016) 20:223–32.

  • Google Scholar

• 93.

  BellVBishopDVMPrzybylskiAK. The debate over digital technology and young people. BMJ. (2015) 351:h3064. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3064

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 94.

  DahlDBergmarkKH. Persistence in problematic internet use—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Sociol. (2020) 5:30. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.00030

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 95.

  KingDDelfabbroP. Internet Gaming Disorder: Theory, Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Academic Press (2018).

  • Google Scholar

• 96.

  AzizNNordinMJAbdulkadirSJSalihMMM. Digital addiction: systematic review of computer game addiction impact on adolescent physical health. Electronics. (2021) 10:996. doi: 10.3390/electronics10090996

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 97.

  HazarZ. An analysis of the relationship between digital game playing motivation and digital game addiction among children. Asian J Educ Train. (2019a) 5:31–8. doi: 10.20448/journal.522.2019.51.31.38

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 98.

  Rosendo-RiosVTrottSShuklaP. Systematic literature review online gaming addiction among children and young adults: a framework and research agenda. Addict Behav. (2022) 129:107238. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107238

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 99.

  MathewsCLMorrellHERMolleJE. Video game addiction, ADHD symptomatology, and video game reinforcement. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. (2019) 45:67–76. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2018.1472269

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 100.

  SafarinaNHalimahL. Self-control and online game addiction in early adult gamers. J Phys Conf Ser. (2019) 1375:012094. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1375/1/012094

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 101.

  StockdaleLCoyneSM. Video game addiction in emerging adulthood: cross-sectional evidence of pathology in video game addicts as compared to matched healthy controls. J Affect Disord. (2018) 225:265–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.045

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 102.

  KupperLLHafnerKB. How appropriate are popular sample size formulas?Am Stat. (1989) 43:101–5.

  • Google Scholar

• 103.

  ChangEKimB. School and individual factors on game addiction: a multilevel analysis. Int J Psychol. (2020) 55:822–31. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12645

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 104.

  GalánJGPérezCLLópezJÁM. Exploratory study on video game addiction of college students in a pandemic scenario. J New Approach Educ Res. (2021) 10:330–46. doi: 10.7821/naer.2021.7.750

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 105.

  ZhaoHLiXZhouJNieQZhouJ. The relationship between bullying victimization and online game addiction among Chinese early adolescents: the potential role of meaning in life and gender differences. Child Youth Serv Rev. (2020) 116:105261. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105261

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 106.

  MogeCERomanoDM. Contextualising video game engagement and addiction in mental health: the mediating roles of coping and social support. Heliyon. (2020) 6:e05340. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05340

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 107.

  ThamSMEllithorpeMEMeshiD. Real-world social support but not in-game social support is related to reduced depression and anxiety associated with problematic gaming. Addict Behav. (2020) 106:106377. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106377

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar