1 Introduction
The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), is an italian public research institute established in 1999. Since its inception, the mission of INGV included seismic surveillance and earthquake monitoring in Italy. INGV is part of the Civil Defence system (). INGV has offices in different parts of Italy and operates the Italian National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale—RSN; ) and other networks at national scale (). INGV also operates a temporary seismic network infrastructure, a pool of instruments used to densify seismic networks for scientific experiments or in response to damaging earthquakes and to increase monitoring capabilities during seismic sequences.
SISMIKO is the operational task force of INGV whose core purpose is to rapidly deploy temporary seismic stations in response to moderate—large magnitude earthquakes or in areas where a seismic sequence is causing concerns and/or scientific interest (). By reducing the spatial distance between the seismic stations, temporary deployments can improve the RSN detection capability and the accuracy of the earthquake locations. SISMIKO was established in 2015 by Lucia Margheriti and Milena Moretti, so they became responsible for INGV emergency deployments of the temporary networks. SISMIKO involves INGV technicians and researchers from all over Italy, from Milano to Catania (see acknowledgments), grouped together by common interest technical and scientific issues. SISMIKO coordinates all INGV groups working on seismic emergencies (Figure 1).
FIGURE 1
The data acquired by the SISMIKO temporary networks, are made available to the scientific community, without any restrictions, via italian node of the European Integrated Data Archive portal (EIDA1; ). Datasets are archived in near real-time in the “Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data (SEED)” format and have an associated Digital Object Identifier (DOI). The data are used for monitoring, surveillance and for scientific research.
Since its establishment, SISMIKO has installed seven temporary seismic networks, including the one used to monitor the 2016–2018 seismic sequence in central Italy (). The most recent activations of SISMIKO were in May and November 2022: Chianti-Fiorentino (; ) and North Marche coast (), respectively.
The following section briefly describes the history of the INGV emergency mobile network.
1.1 The history of the INGV seismic mobile network
The deployment of temporary networks in response to seismic emergencies is one of the fundamental activities undertaken by INGV to monitor seismicity and conduct research on earthquake physics and seismic risk.
In early 1990, before INGV was established, the former National Institute of Geophysics (ING, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica) only included earthquake monitoring and research, and volcano surveillance was conducted by other agencies. At the time, an important step towards increasing ING earthquake detection capabilities was the development of a mobile seismic laboratory. This was set up on a truck, with the aim of acquiring seismic data via digital telemetry and process them in the truck (Supplementary Figure S1). This mobile laboratory represented an essential tool to monitor seismic sequences between 1990 and 2002: Potenza and then Siracusa in Sicily (1990); Colfiorito, Umbria-Marche (1997–1998); San Giuliano di Puglia, Molise (2002). The mobile laboratory was a smaller version of the ING’s seismic surveillance room, able to receive via telemetry data from up to 10 temporary stations. Data from temporary deployments were acquired in real-time and analyzed by operator located in the mobile truck, that was placed in the earthquake epicentral area. The truck contained an analogue acquisition system and paper drums, alongside workstations to analyze the seismic waveforms.
In the past two decades, new technologies for data acquisition and transmission became available and the need to rapidly and accurately define seismogenic structures and the temporal evolution of the seismic sequence increased. This led to further development of the INGV emergency response model. Between 2006 and 2008, INGV designed and implemented the first real-time seismic data transmission systems for temporary stations. The system was capable of sending data to Rome main data centre, and in 2009 was used for the first time to monitor the L’Aquila seismic sequence from the central INGV monitoring room.
The experience gained during the L’Aquila () and Emilia () seismic sequences, helped INGV to realize the need of defining a set of common rules and protocols to be used for rapid deployments. An operating protocol now establishes the timing of response and lays out what activities are to be carried out before, during and after a seismic emergency. This protocol also considers the data policy, including data archiving and distribution.
Currently, SISMIKO has a well established procedure to integrate its temporary network deployments real-time to the seismic data acquisition system in the INGV Rome headquarters. The integration can now be achieved in a few hours, and SISMIKO is now a fundamental component of the INGV 24/7 seismic surveillance system and mission.
SISMIKO works throughout the year to continuously improve and refine the tools available to the operational group and review new technologies when they become available. This allow the group to improve its performance when responding to an emergency. Regular meetings are scheduled for technical-scientific discussions, alongside tests and periodic training of personnel to be able to manage an emergency, work with uncertainties, acquire new skills and build the SISMIKO team.
Recently, following the 09 November 2022 Mw 5.5 earthquake occurred off the north-eastern coast of the Marche region, Adriatic Sea, SISMIKO deployed 8 real-time stations that were sending data to INGV headquarters in less than 24 h, confirming the importance of continuous preparatory activity to obtain good performance results.
2 Methods
SISMIKO management system is finalized to collect seismological data; in the following we describe how the operational group is organized and how data acquisition, archiving and distribution is performed. Table 1 shows the data repository and DOIs, the collection periods, and information about all datasets acquired in the past 7 years of activity.
TABLE 1
| Emergency year | Earthquakes causative of the activation of SISMIKO Date aaaa-mm-dd/Time UTC/Mw | Epicentral area | Number of stations installed | Duration IN (aaa-mm-dd) OUT (aaa-mm-dd) | Network code (FDSN)/Station code | Link landing page | DOI Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2016-01-16/18:55/4.3 | Province of Campobasso, Italy | 1 | 2016-01-19 | IV*/T11 | https://eida.ingv.it/it/networks/network/IV | * |
| 2016-03-31 | |||||||
| 2016 | 2016-08-24/01:36/6.0 | Amatrice-Visso-Norcia, Central Italy | 24 | 2016-08-24 2018-07-05 | IV*/T12 | https://eida.ingv.it/it/networks/network/IV | * |
| 2016-10-26/17:10/5.9 | |||||||
| 2016-10-30/06:40/6.5 | |||||||
| 2017-01-18/10:14/5.5 | |||||||
| 2017 | 2017-08-21/18:57/3.9 | Island of Ischia, Italy | 8 | 2017-08-26 | ZM/T13 | https://eida.ingv.it/it/networks/network/ZM | |
| 2020-10-20 | |||||||
| 2018 | 2018-08-16/18:19/5.1 | Province of Campobasso, Italy | 5 | 16/08/2018 26/10/2018 | YD/T14 | https://eida.ingv.it/it/networks/network/YD | |
| 2020 | 2020–09-09/04:56/3.5 | Salemi area, Province of Trapani, Italy | 4 | 2020-09-22 | X3/T15 | https://eida.ingv.it/it/networks/network/X3 | |
| 2020-11-25/03:47/3.4 | 2020-11-25 | ||||||
| 2022 | 03-05-2022/15:50/3.7 | Chianti Fiorentino area, Province of Florence, Italy | 5 | 2022-05-04 | ZH/T16 | https://eida.ingv.it/it/networks/network/ZH | |
| 03-05-2022/20:14/3.5 | 2022-09-07 | ||||||
| 2022-2023 | 09-11-2022/06:07/5.5 | North Marche coast, Italy | 8 | 2022-11-09 2023-03-07 | Y1/T17 | https://eida.ingv.it/it/networks/network/Y1 |
List of SISMIKO rapid deployments since 2015. Deployments with an * in the DOI column where collected before the dedicated network code policy was established, and have all been assigned the IV code. In the next future, we will assign the DOI and network code also at the 2016 emergency.
2.1 Staff, organization, deployment rules and equipment SISMIKO
SISMIKO governance is organized as a coordination group and a dedicated team.
The coordination group (SISMIKO committee) is made up of: two national coordinators, a contact person for each major office and experts with a diverse background to cover a range of strategic topics such as data acquisition, seismic surveillance in Rome headquarter and seismological research. The main responsibility of the SISMIKO committee is to prepare of all the activities that support the management of the emergency, such as: instrument pool the purchase, maintenance and upgrade; training of staff members; promotion and dissemination of the activities of the task force. Periodic meetings of technical-scientific staff are organized to allow SISMIKO to be always updated and promote the development of new tools to simplify the activities. The committee also engage with universities and research institutions to foster and maintain inter-agency relationships, and establish collaboration agreements when needed. Periodic meetings of technical-scientific staff, allow SISMIKO to be always updated and promote the development of new tools to simplify the activities.
The dedicated team is made up of researchers, technologists and technicians from all INGV offices. Membership is voluntary and updated annually. The team is constituted by personnel experienced in the management of temporary seismic networks: with expertise in station installation, data analysis, communication and engagement. Over the years, the working groups dedicated to specific issues have been formed. A group of technicians is focused on evaluating instrumentation maintenance and upgrades. Another group works on data acquisition, storage and distribution, data analysis and quality assessment. In the end, a group focus on information dissemination activities (reports, publications and web).
SISMIKO team is currently composed by more than one hundred people, 76% of which are male and 24% female. This same ratio is also reflected in the SISMIKO committee (see Supplementary Figure S2). did an analysis of gender diversity at INGV: as of 1 January 2019, INGV personnel was composed by 338 individuals identifying as female and 548 as male: This corresponds 38% female and 62% male employees, respectively. If we compare this ratio to the SISMIKO group, it appears that women are underrepresented, and well below the Institute’s average. This can be explained considering that one of the primary objectives of SISMIKO concerns the installation and transmission of the stations, an activity that generally is done by technicians. indicates that only 25% of technicians are women. The SISMIKO group has only one female technician, out of the 44 technicians in the team.
SISMIKO activation rules are defined in a dedicated protocol. The task force is activated when an earthquake of M≥ 5.0 hits the Italian territory. An operating procedure is used to allow the activation of the team. The coordinators are automatically notified via text messages containing the estimated earthquake parameters (hypocentral location and magnitude), within five minutes from the earthquake origin time. The SISMIKO committee is then activated and will meet within 3 h. To design the geometry of the temporary seismic network to be installed, the SISMIKO committee will take into account the mainshock characteristics, seismic sequence evolution and the status of the permanent seismic network in the epicentral area. The committee will then share this information with the INGV Directors, other research institutes and universities and the Civil Defence Department. This will allow the response work to occur in synergy between all involved parties. Once the temporary network design is completed, a team of INGV personnel will rapidly go to the field to install temporary stations in the epicentral area. Supplementary Figure S3 shows a deployment timing example from the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence (). Thanks to the preparatory system in less than 24 h stations are integrated in the RSN, thus contributing to the improvement of the surveillance and seismic monitoring.
If deemed necessary, SISMIKO can install stations in response to earthquakes with magnitude less than 5.0 or during seismic sequences or swarms. This decision is taken by the SISMIKO committee in taking into account the seismic sequence characteristics, the affected area and other peculiar factors.
The SISMIKO instrument pool is distributed over 10 of the 13 INGV offices on the Italian territory. The pool is made up of 33 6-components stations (accelerometer and short period velocimeter), with high-gain data loggers and equipped with UMTS/LTE routers for real-time data transmission. SISMIKO aims at having a standard kit for its instrument pool (Figure 1A, legend) and at least 50 dedicated stations with e broad band velocimeter sensors. Currently, 75% percent of the SISMIKO instruments are standardized. This led to an improvement in the rapid deployments’ performance, a more effective temporary network management and greater interoperability between the different INGV offices. We plan to have 100% of the pool made by standard kits by the end of 2023. In Figure 1B, shows a typical SISMIKO station.
2.2 Data acquisition, archiving and distribution
All the data acquired by SISMIKO are transmitted and collected in real-time in the Rome INGV office. Here, a dedicated acquisition system named “SISMIKA”, has been developed (). SISMIKA is also used to make data readily available to the INGV seismic surveillance system in Rome and to the scientific community, the latter through the Italy node of the EIDA.
The SISMIKO LTE routers use DNS Service designed and built by INGV (). The data acquisition server uses the Seiscomp software, version 5.5.1 () with Linux Ubuntu 20.04 operating system.
All stations’ parameters are preconfigured for the SISMIKA acquisition systems, with the exception location specific station coordinates. This guarantees an effective management of the instrument’s response the activities and allows the immediate acquisition of SISMIKO data. In 2009, prior to the official SISMIKO launch, a standardized station naming was established. Station identifiers are composed by the letter “T” (for temporary), the two-digit number to indicated the emergency (consecutive numbers assigned since 2009) and two digit number to identify the station (each INGV office has dedicated numbers). For example, in 2022, during the last deployment (no. 17; ) we installed stations T1711, T1714, T1718 (from the Rome office), T1741, T1742, T1743 (from Ancona office), T1756 and T1757 (from Bologna office).
Starting from 2017 each temporary network has its own required network code, registered at the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN). For each emergency, the dataset acquired by the SISMIKO temporary networks has been associated with a unique DOI. The DOI is assigned accordingly to a set of rules defined by the INGV data management office (https://data.ingv.it/en/) and the SISMIKO group. Dataset users are requested to use these DOIs when using the data.
Since 2015, SISMIKO deployed seven emergency networks to respond to significant earthquakes or seismic sequences (Table 1). SISMIKO data policy, established since its beginning, define that all data are available to the scientific community. This is accomplished by archiving the data in quasi real-time in the EIDA italian node () in SEED format.
Data is also used for monitoring and surveillance. The seismic surveillance service of INGV is the first user of this data: a real-time acquisition system that uses a seedlink server feeds in parallel the Earthworm automatic location system and the EIDA archive. The latter is also used for by Time domain moment tensor analysis () and for off line research.
The improvement in earthquake detection and location accuracy obtained installing a real-time temporary dense seismic network is very significant. Knowing the number, the magnitude and the spatio-temporal distribution of small aftershocks can be useful for decision makers to assess the current situation during seismic crises ().
In Table 1 provides information about the datasets acquired through SISMIKO, including the year of emergency occurrence, mainshocks’ origin time, impacted regions, number of stations installed, the duration of the deployment, the FDSN network code and dataset landing page and its DOI.
3 Concluding remarks on the contribution to the research of mobile seismic networks during seismic emergencies
The rapid deployment of temporary seismic stations soon after the occurrence of a moderate—large earthquake is an essential factor in understanding seismic activity. Data collected in the first hours following a mainshock are crucial for reconstructing and characterizing the fault system in detail and to constrain the spatial distribution of the seismicity ().
Seismic waves recorded at a dense seismic network are an extraordinary tool for monitoring and studying the earthquake physics and a powerful key to investigate the interior of the Earth. The off-line analysis of the recorded seismograms allows the imaging of the fault system geometry and kinematics, and provides invaluable data for scientific studies related to seismic hazard, and tectonics.
The earthquake hypocenter location accuracy is strongly dependent on the geometry of the network, the distance between the seismic stations and the type of seismic sensor. The RSN in Italy guarantees good locations for events of ML > 2.0. The temporary seismic networks are deployed to improve the detection performance and accuracy of the permanent monitoring systems.
In Supplementary Figure S4 we show how the deployment of temporary stations improve the accuracy of the locations and how the possibility of processing offline continuous recordings of dense networks improve the number of seismic events detected and located (). This huge amount of data and the accuracy on hypocenter determinations allow us to image the exact geometry of the fault system (hypocenters are shown in cross sections) giving important clues on the damage zones around the main faults (; ). In these studies, in fact, the availability of continuous waveforms allowed us to define the fault system very sharply.
Moreover, knowing the number, size, and timing of aftershocks during a seismic emergency and defining the clustering seismic events can help in foreseeing the characteristics of future seismic sequences in the same tectonic or volcanic environment ().
The improved azimuthal coverage near the causative fault aid seismic source studies (determination of focal mechanisms), including the possibility of identifying rupture directivity, and calculating stress drops.
Recording continuous data from a dense network facilitates new discoveries, such as observations of non-volcanic tremors associated with slow earthquakes that play an important role in the generation of large earthquakes ().
We expect that SISMIKO data will be useful for seismic hazard studies detailing near field variability in strong ground motions (i.e., ). We are confident that these data are useful to the international seismological community, and will enhance the understanding of earthquake sequences and contribute to the basic understanding of earthquake physics. We believe that the philosophy and rules of SISMIKO working group, based on cooperation between offices and on open data access policy for the data have been influenced by the fact that the initial main coordinators were women.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
Written informed consent was not obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
MM wrote the manuscript; coordinated the data collection; she has been the national coordinator of SISMIKO in the years 2015–2023. LM wrote the manuscript and coordinated the SISMIKO working group in the years 2015–2019. ED wrote the manuscript and has coordinated the SISMIKO working group since 2019. DP reviewed the manuscript and started coordinating the SISMIKO working group on 17 March 2023. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
The INGV Emergency Seismic Network has benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri—Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC). This paper does not necessarily represent DPC official opinion and policies.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the colleagues in SISMIKO, in particular: P. Augliera, S.C. Alparone, P. Baccheschi, P. Bordoni, A. Castagnozzi, M. Cattaneo, A. Cavaliere, G. Cecere, A. Costanzo, G. Cultrera, A. D’Alessandro, G. D’Anna, P. Del Gaudio, F. Ferrari, D. Galluzzo, C. Giunchi, A. Govoni, M. La Rocca, A.G. Mandiello, F. Minichiello, M. Massa, S. Marzorati, M. Pastori, S. Pintore, S. Pondrelli, L. Scognamiglio, S. Speciale and L. Zuccarello, who believed in the SISMIKO project. Furthermore, the Authors thank Elisabetta D’Anastasio for the friendly review of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1146579/full#supplementary-material
Footnotes
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Summary
Keywords
SISMIKO, seismic emergency, temporary seismic network, real time transmission, seismology
Citation
Moretti M, Margheriti L, D’Alema E and Piccinini D (2023) SISMIKO: INGV operational task force for rapid deployment of seismic network during earthquake emergencies. Front. Earth Sci. 11:1146579. doi: 10.3389/feart.2023.1146579
Received
17 January 2023
Accepted
19 May 2023
Published
06 June 2023
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited by
Anne Obermann, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
Reviewed by
Sebastiano D’Amico, University of Malta, Malta
Yosuke Aoki, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Moretti, Margheriti, D’Alema and Piccinini.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Milena Moretti, milena.moretti@ingv.it
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.