RETRACTION article
Front. Environ. Sci.
Sec. Environmental Economics and Management
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1675260
Retraction: Comparative analysis of Trade Liberalization, CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Southeast Asian and Latin American Regions: A Structural Equation Modeling approach
Provisionally accepted
- Frontiers Media SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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A Retraction of the Original Research Citation: Zeeshan M, Han J, Rehman A, Ullah I, Afridi FEA and Fareed Z (2022) Comparative Analysis of Trade Liberalization, CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Southeast Asian and Latin American Regions: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Front. Environ. Sci. 10:854590. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.854590 The journal retracts the 2022 article cited above. Frontiers Research Integrity Auditing team has investigated and uncovered a network of authors and editors who conducted peer review with undisclosed conflicts of interest and who have engaged in citation manipulation. The investigation identified this article as one for which the integrity of the peer review process has been undermined, resulting in the loss of confidence in the article's findings. The authors received a communication regarding the retraction and were given a chance to respond, with some discussions still ongoing. This exchange has been recorded by the publisher. The investigation was not able to determine whether all authors, editors, or reviewers were aware of or involved in the misconduct, but this misconduct was significant enough to determine that the scientific integrity of the article cannot be guaranteed. In adherence to the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the article is retracted. The retraction was approved by the Chief Executive Editor at Frontiers and the Field Chief Editor of Frontiers in Environmental Science.
Keywords: CO2 emissions, Trade liberalization, energy consumption, economic growth, Structural Equation Modeling
Received: 29 Jul 2025; Accepted: 29 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Editorial Office. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Frontiers Editorial Office, Frontiers Media SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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