The Journal retracts the 21 October 2022 article cited above.
Following publication, the publisher found evidence of multiple undisclosed conflicts of interest that undermined the integrity of the peer review process. As the scientific integrity of the article cannot be guaranteed, and in adherence to the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the article is retracted.
This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Environmental Science and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors do not agree to this retraction.
Summary
Citation
Frontiers Editorial Office (2025) Retraction: Innovative analysis in climate change: evidence from developed European countries. Front. Environ. Sci. 13:1712987. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1712987
Received
25 September 2025
Accepted
25 September 2025
Published
01 October 2025
Approved by
Frontiers Editorial Office, Frontiers Media SA, Switzerland
Volume
13 - 2025
Updates
Copyright
© 2025 Frontiers Editorial Office.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Frontiers Editorial Office, research.integrity@frontiersin.org
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.