Huan Duan1
Gangfeng Zhang2*Lian Duan3Ziyin Lin2Mengya Bu2Jie Guan1Tianxiang He1Mengchen Zhao1
Yaoguang Guo1*- 1School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
- 2Center for Environmental Engineering Technology, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
- 3School of Environmental and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Introduction: The rapid growth of the global catering industry has established cooking fumes as a significant urban air pollutant and public health concern. China, with its distinctive culinary practices, is a prolific contributor to this field. However, a systematic, data-driven understanding of the structure and evolution of this vast Chinese research output, contextualized within the global landscape, remains lacking.
Methods: To address this gap, this China-centered bibliometric study analyzed 552 Chinese and English publications from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Science Core Collection databases (1996–2024) using CiteSpace.
Results and Discussion: Our findings reveal a clear epistemological divergence: research in China is predominantly policy-driven and technology-oriented, evolving through stages towards integrated multi-pollutant governance. In contrast, international research is characterized by a sustained, health-risk-driven paradigm focused on exposure assessment and toxicological mechanisms. Analysis of collaboration shows a decentralized network with Chinese institutions forming a highly productive yet internally focused core. Critically, the research hotspots are highly complementary: Chinese studies excel in macro-level emission control and technology development, whereas international scholarship leads in micro-level chemical speciation and health risk assessment. This study not only maps Chinese distinct research trajectory against global trends but also identifies strategic pathways for synergistic, targeted international collaboration and interdisciplinary integration.
1 Introduction
The rapid advancement and transformation of digitalization have injected robust momentum into the sound and healthy development of Chinese catering industry. This dynamic is underscored by a remarkable 20.4% surge in catering revenue in 2023, signifying the continued and rapid expansion of the industry’s scale (Chen, 2025). However, this remarkable commercial vitality, now amplified by digital platforms and expanded delivery networks, generates a concomitant environmental and public health challenge in the form of cooking emissions. These emissions are not a simple effluent but a complex, aerosol-based pollutant system. Scientific characterization reveals them as a dynamic mixture of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sub-micrometer particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and oxygenated hydrocarbons, which are nucleated and ejected at high temperatures during various cooking processes (Li et al., 2023). The environmental implications are twofold and severe. Firstly, upon release into the urban atmosphere, these emissions act as significant precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone formation, substantially contributing to the photochemical smog events that plague many Chinese cities (Xiao et al., 2021). Concurrently, the health impacts are a source of grave concern. Epidemiological studies have consistently documented a significantly elevated risk of respiratory morbidity, including chronic bronchitis and asthma exacerbations, among occupational cohorts such as professional chefs with long-term exposure (Liu J et al., 2022). More alarmingly, toxicological evidence has identified mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, such as heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), within the particulate phase of these fumes, establishing a plausible biological pathway for the observed increased incidence of lung cancer in this population (Luo et al., 2024).
Consequently, a substantial body of research has targeted commercial cooking emissions. Key research strands have systematically characterized emission profiles (Abdullahi et al., 2013; Zhang C et al., 2024), advanced purification technologies (Chen, 2022) and increasingly quantified associated occupational health risks (Ma and Wang, 2015). However, a systematic synthesis that connects these disparate strands is lacking. Prevailing reviews, particularly within the Chinese context, often manifest as policy-oriented synopses or technical catalogues, offering descriptive accounts of regulatory frameworks and control technologies without delving into the underlying intellectual structure or evolutionary dynamics of the research field itself (Sun et al., 2024; Peng et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023). Conversely, international reviews frequently remain narrowly focused on specific aspects, such as health effect mechanisms or chemical speciation, and often overlook the distinct, large-scale research paradigm driven by Chinese unique regulatory and culinary context (Lee et al., 2022; Rim, 2023). This synthesis gap points to a clear research need: a comparative, data-driven mapping of the Chinese knowledge domain against the global landscape. Such an analysis is required to move beyond descriptive summaries and to critically examine the comparative value and potential synergies between these two research spheres.
To address this need, we conduct a China-centered bibliometric study. We systematically analyze 552 Chinese and English publications from CNKI and WoS (1996–2024) using CiteSpace to visualize and compare knowledge structures through keyword co-occurrence, burst detection, and collaboration network analysis. The primary contributions of this study are twofold. First, it provides a systematic, quantitative comparison of the developmental trajectories, collaborative patterns, and research priorities between the Chinese and international scholarly communities. Second, by identifying the epistemological divergence (policy-driven technology development versus health-risk-driven assessment) and thematic complementarity between these domains, our analysis establishes a foundational framework. This framework is crucial for informing future interdisciplinary collaboration and for aligning regional emission control strategies with global health and sustainability objectives.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Data sources
This study utilized CNKI and WoS as data sources, with a retrieval cutoff date of September 2024. The selection of these two databases was deliberate: CNKI provides comprehensive coverage of Chinese-language research, capturing region-specific policy responses and technological developments, while WoS represents high-impact international (primarily English-language) scholarly output.
2.2 Search and screening strategy
A systematic retrieval and screening protocol was implemented to ensure the reproducibility and rigor of the literature selection process. Comprising the following key steps.
2.2.1 Database-specific search strategy
1. For CNKI, the query “Pengren youyan” OR “Youyan” OR “Canyinyouyan” OR “Canyinfeiqi” was applied to the subject, keyword, and title fields. The results were then filtered by the subject category “Environmental Science and Resource Utilization” to maintain an environmental research focus.
2. For WoS Core Collection, a topic search was conducted using the query: TS=(“cooking fumes” OR “cooking oil fumes” OR “culinary emissions” OR “food service exhaust” OR “restaurant emissions” OR “kitchen exhaust” OR “cooking smoke”). The search was refined by limiting the Web of Science categories to Environmental Sciences, Public Environmental and Occupational Health, and Engineering, Environmental, and the document types to Article and Review.
2.2.2 Initial retrieval and primary screening
The initial search yielded 577 records from CNKI and 384 from WoS. These records underwent a multi-stage screening process.
1. Exclusion of non-peer-reviewed literature: To uphold academic quality standards, document types such as conference proceedings, newspapers, and dissertations (particularly in CNKI) were excluded.
2. Dual-reviewer screening: The remaining records were independently screened by two reviewers based on titles and abstracts against pre-defined eligibility criteria. Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion until a consensus was reached.
2.2.3 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Studies were included if they primarily investigated the emission characteristics, environmental fate, health impacts, control technologies, or policy management of cooking fumes originating from catering services or residential cooking. Studies were excluded according to the following criteria.
1. Focus on other emission sources (e.g., industrial VOCs, vehicle exhaust) without isolating the contribution of cooking fumes;
2. Full text unavailable or in a language other than Chinese or English;
3. Not primary research or review articles;
4. Core focus deemed irrelevant (e.g., kitchen ventilation for thermal comfort without pollutant analysis).
Following this screening, 384 publications from CNKI and 168 from WoS met all criteria and were included in the bibliometric analysis, resulting in a final dataset of 552 publications. The entire screening procedure is summarized in a PRISMA-style flow diagram (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Retrieval and screening flow chart.
2.3 Methods
Utilizing the inherent retrieval and analysis functionalities of WoS and CNKI, citation reports were generated for the 168 WoS and 384 CNKI documents retrieved. Utilizing Origin nine and Excel, we statistically analyzed the annual publication volume, author output, and prominent publishing institutions. We conducted a comprehensive analysis using CiteSpace software, which included document co-citation network analysis and journal co-citation network analysis of the WoS literature. Employing clustering analysis, burst detection, and other bibliometric techniques, this study systematically identifies high-frequency keywords and core literature within the cooking fumes research domain. This approach facilitates data mining and evolutionary trend tracking to elucidate the discipline’s knowledge structures and temporal dynamics. CiteSpace (Chen, 2017), developed by Professor Chaomei Chen at Drexel University, USA, is a scientific citation visualization analysis tool. It focuses on analyzing latent knowledge within scientific literature, presenting knowledge structures, patterns, and distributions visually, thereby predicting future development trends in research fields. This study utilized CiteSpace software (version 6.3. R1) to comprehensively analyze research development, hotspots, trends, and frontiers in the field of cooking fumes. The specific parameter settings (e.g., selection criteria, pruning methods) for each analysis are explicitly indicated in the corresponding figures to ensure full reproducibility.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Research process and trajectory
Sada Analysis of the annual publication volume and keyword bursts in cooking fumes research reveals not only distinct developmental trajectories but also fundamentally divergent research paradigms between Chinese and international scholarly communities. Figure 2 illustrates the annual number of publications in CNKI and WoS, while Figures 3, 4 depict the keywords with the strongest citation bursts in Chinese and English literature, respectively. Together, these visualizations outline a compelling of knowledge evolution, driven by disparate socio-political and scientific imperatives.
Figure 2. Statistics on the number of published papers.
Figure 3. Top 20 keywords with the strongest citation bursts in CNKI.
Figure 4. Top 16 keywords with the strongest citation bursts in WOS.
Analysis based on the CNKI database indicates that domestic research commenced in 1996 and progressed through three discernible phases. The initial phase (1996–2005) was characterized by foundational recognition and preliminary pollution control, with an average annual publication output of approximately 10. Burst keywords during this period, such as “cooking fumes” (1996, Strength = 2.47), “oil fumes” (1997, Strength = 2.03), “purification method” (2000, Strength = 1.84), and “prevention and control measures” (2001, Strength = 2.64), dominated. This lexicon indicates a research focus on defining the problem space, identifying basic hazards, and exploring elementary treatment technologies (Chen and Wang, 1999; Zhang, et al., 2002). This phase was catalyzed by Chinese rapid urbanization and the concomitant expansion of its catering industry. A critical policy driver was the inaugural inclusion of catering oil fumes as a regulated pollutant in the revised Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law in 2000, which formally elevated it from a nuisance to a target of environmental governance.
The subsequent phase of technological upgrading and refined governance (2006–2015) marked a strategic pivot in research focus, reflected in a steady growth of annual CNKI publications from three in 2008 to 25 in 2018 (CAGR = 15.2%). The burst keywords from this era, including “low-temperature plasma” (2010, Strength = 2.89), “kitchen oil fumes” (2010, Strength = 1.99), “PM2.5” (2007, Strength = 3.48), and “oil fumes pollution” (2011, Strength = 2.35), signal a clear transition from general pollution control to a pursuit of high-efficiency purification technologies and a more granular analysis of specific pollutants (Cui, et al., 2015; Deng, 2011). This shift was profoundly influenced by public and regulatory attention to particulate matter, especially after PM2.5 was incorporated into the national ambient air quality standards in 2012. The subsequent Measures for Air Pollution Prevention and Control (2013) further institutionalized this focus by explicitly categorizing catering fumes as a non-industrial source requiring targeted management, thereby channeling research efforts towards technologically advanced solutions.
From 2016 onward, research entered a phase of systematic governance and multi-pollutant coordinated control. The CNKI database peaked during the prosperity period (2019–2021), yielding 111 publications that constituted 28.9% of its total corpus. The burst keywords in Figure 3, such as “volatile organic compounds” (2018, Strength = 3.15), “emission factors” (2018, Strength = 2.44), “particulate matter” (2019, Strength = 2.97), and “atmospheric pollutants” (2022, Strength = 1.78), signify a sophisticated expansion in scope. This phase is defined by the development of quantitative models (e.g., emission inventories) and a strategic move towards the integrated control of multiple pollutants (Li, et al., 2018; Zhang, et al., 2016). This focus on inventory development is further evidenced by studies constructing localized emission inventories for specific cities and provinces, such as Nanjing and Gansu (Li, 2020; Li et al., 2020; Yang, et al., 2021). The research Frontier has further expanded to investigate the role of cooking fumes in synergistic atmospheric processes, such as ozone formation, and to explore the interlinkages between conventional pollution abatement. Concurrently, the paradigm is being transformed by digitalization, with the integration of big data and IoT technologies fostering a new era of intelligent, data-driven monitoring and governance systems (Lin, 2023).
In stark contrast, the research trajectory in the WoS database exhibits a delayed onset. health centrie paradigm, It experienced significant growth post 2019, with 70publications produced in this period, representing 47.0% of the total WoS corpus (n = 149). Early international studies were predominantly anchored in public health, as evidenced by burst keywords such as “lung cancer” (1998, Strength = 2.1) and “oxidative stress” (2007, Strength = 3.09). These topics reflected a foundational effort to establish causal associations and elucidate the primary mechanisms of cellular damage. The research agenda in the most recent decade has intensified and refined this health-oriented focus, shifting towards stronger bursts like “volatile organic compounds” (2019, Strength = 2.18), “PM2.5” (2019, Strength = 2.06), “health risk” (ongoing), and “emissions” (2022, Strength = 3.22). This evolution signals a deepening of inquiry, moving from establishing general health links to precisely characterizing emissions and conducting sophisticated, exposure-based health risk assessments (Zhang D et al., 2019). The persistence and strength of these bursts underscore a global research consensus that prioritizes understanding the human health implications of exposure through advanced environmental monitoring and epidemiological methods. This divergence underscores a complementary policy need: Chinese regulatory framework, which has evolved in step with its research, would benefit from integrating the health-risk evidence prioritized internationally. This would ensure that emission control targets are explicitly linked to the reduction of specific health outcomes, moving beyond technological performance metrics.
3.2 Research cooperation model
The analysis of co-authorship and institutional output reveals a collaborative landscape characterized by decentralized researcher networks alongside a notable concentration of scholarly production within a few key institutions, particularly from China.
As illustrated in Figure 5 the collaborative network among authors in the CNKI corpus is relatively fragmented, composed of small, loosely connected clusters. The most prolific cluster centers on researchers like He Wanqing and Nie Lei, whose work exemplifies the applied technical focus prevalent in China, having systematically characterized emissions from various Beijing catering establishments (He et al., 2020) and subsequently investigated purification system efficiency and pollution control measures (He et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2020). Another distinct cluster includes Li Yafei and Yu Zhiqiang, who concentrated on the uncertainty analysis of emission concentration detection in purifiers (Zhang Y et al., 2019). Beyond these technology-focused teams, other clusters addressed health impacts, such as the research by Luo and Cai, (2012) who employed case-control studies to link heavy fume exposure with increased lung adenocarcinoma risk, and the experimental toxicology work by Liu et al. (1988) on lung damage in rats. This pattern of insular teams is further reflected in the institutional analysis. Table 1 shows that leading institutions in CNKI, such as the Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences and several universities (e.g., Shenyang University of Technology, Lanzhou University), are primarily located in economically developed regions like Shanghai and Beijing, addressing localized pollution control needs.
Figure 5. Network diagram of the author cooperation relationship in CNKI.
Table 1. Top 10 research institutions on the number of papers published in CNKI and WoS.
While this pattern suggests domestically focused collaboration, analysis of the international (WoS) network reveals a similar decentralization among researchers, but with a striking concentration of output at the institutional level. The international collaboration network derived from WoS, depicted in Figure 6, also exhibits significant decentralization among individual researchers, with limited strong cross-institutional ties. The most published author, Sjaastad, Ann Kristin, has primarily collaborated within a Norwegian cohort, focusing on the exposure to PAHs and mutagenic aldehydes during pan-frying (Sjaastad et al., 2010). However, a striking concentration emerges at the institutional level. As presented in Table 1, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) stands as the dominant contributor with 18 publications, facilitating research ranging from detailed VOCs speciation (Wang H et al., 2018) to regional emission roles (Wang L et al., 2017). It is followed by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) with 10. Crucially, seven out of the top ten productive institutions in WoS are from China, including CAS, Peking University, and the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences. This predominance underscores Chinese pivotal role in the global research landscape of this field, driven by its complex culinary practices and severe regional pollution challenges. Despite this substantial output, the collaboration networks suggest that the scholarly influence has not yet fully translated into deep, broad international partnerships. While there are instances of integrated analysis, such as the work by Wojnowski et al. (2024) comparing ventilation solutions, which involved institutions from Poland and Norway, such cross-border consortia are not yet the norm, indicating significant potential for greater global integration. In summary, collaboration networks are decentralized, with Chinese institutions forming a highly productive yet internally focused core within the global research landscape. The prevalence of decentralized, domestically focused collaboration suggests a missed opportunity for translating technological advances into health-informed standards. Policy efforts should therefore incentivize structured partnerships between environmental engineers and public health researchers, both internationally and across sectors, to create integrated solutions that address emission reduction and health protection concurrently.
Figure 6. Network diagram of the author cooperation relationship in WoS.
3.3 Research hotspots
To delineate the intellectual landscape and evolving frontiers in cooking fume research, this study employs two complementary bibliometric methods: keyword clustering analysis, which identifies and groups frequently co-occurring keywords to reveal core research themes and their interconnections, and document co-citation analysis, which maps the network of jointly cited references to trace the foundation and evolution of foundational knowledge.
The keyword clustering maps derived from the CNKI and WoS databases are presented in Figures 7, 8, respectively. Figure 7 visualizes the thematic structure of domestic research, while Figure 8 delineates the focus of international scholarship. A comprehensive list of all cluster labels and their constituent keywords is provided in Table 2. Due to the inherent limitations of the bibliometric software version utilized, a formal document co-citation analysis could only be performed on the WoS dataset. The resulting co-citation network is depicted in Figure 9, highlighting seminal and highly influential publications that form the conceptual pillars of the domain.
Figure 7. Keywords clustering map in CNKI.
Figure 8. Keywords clustering map in WOS.
Table 2. Keywords cluster labels in CNKI and WOS.
Figure 9. Co-citation of literature in WOS.
Synthesizing the outputs of these analyses, the research hotspots can be systematically categorized into three interdisciplinary themes that chart the pathway from pollutant generation to human health impact. These themes collectively underscore a fundamental epistemological divergence between the two scholarly communities: a policy-driven, technology-oriented paradigm prevalent in Chinese literature versus a sustained, health-risk-driven paradigm characterizing international research.
3.3.1 Emission sources and compositional characteristics
Analysis of emission sources and composition reveals a complementary yet dichotomous focus: Chinese research prioritizes macro-level emission characterization for policy, whereas international studies delve into micro-level chemical speciation for health insights. The thematic structure, derived from keyword clusters in CNKI (#1p.m.2.5, #2oil fume pollution, #5oil fume gas) and WoS (#0 particulate matter, #1carbonyl compounds, #2PAHs, #3cooking oil fume, #4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), underscores a fundamental divergence in research emphasis. Chinese literature is predominantly concerned with macro-level emission characterization, pollution control, and the establishment of localized emission inventories. In contrast, international research delves into the micro-level chemical speciation of toxicologically relevant compounds. This complementary approach collectively establishes that cooking emissions constitute a complex, heterogeneous mixture whose profile is critically determined by culinary techniques, oil types, and food matrices.
The compositional profile is universally dominated by PM and VOCs, though investigated at different resolutions. Domestic studies, under clusters like #1p.m.2.5, have meticulously documented the physical characteristics of PM, revealing a bimodal size distribution and a highly variable PM2.5/PM10 ratio (7.5%–96.9%), indicative of complex particle generation dynamics (Zhao et al., 2020). Complementary to these macro-level measurements, studies have also delved into the morphological and chemical specifics of cooking PM, such as the analysis of particles from typical Chinese restaurants which identified soot aggregates and organic matter as dominant components (Li Y. et al., 2019). Concurrently, research within the #5 oil fume gas cluster has systematically categorized VOCs from catering emissions into major groups such as alkanes, alkenes, and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), with emission profiles strongly linked to cuisine type. The characterization and control of these VOCs continue to be a central focus, as highlighted in recent comprehensive reviews (Tao et al., 2023). For instance, grilled dishes and Sichuan-Hunan cuisines exhibit significantly elevated OVOC proportions (Jiang et al., 2014), whereas Western fast food is associated with distinct halogenated hydrocarbon patterns (Li et al., 2018). This macro-level characterization provides the foundational data necessary for regulatory action and emission inventory development in China.
Complementing this, international research employs a more targeted approach to chemical speciation, focusing on compounds with significant health implications, as vividly captured by specific WoS clusters. The strong presence of clusters #4polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and #2PAHs underscore a dedicated inquiry into these potent carcinogens. Investigations confirm that high-temperature frying generates substantially higher concentrations of PAHs and benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) compared to stir-frying, with levels further modulated by the type of oil used (Yao et al., 2015). Parallel to this, the #1carbonyl compounds cluster highlights a major research thread on carbonyl emissions, with studies identifying formaldehyde as a ubiquitous component and acrolein as a major irritant—comprising up to 30% of total carbonyls in Western-style steakhouse emissions (Ho et al., 2006). This micro-level focus, often linked in co-citation networks with health outcomes, provides the mechanistic insights crucial for understanding toxicological impacts and refining exposure assessments.
The emission profile is principally governed by cooking methods and energy sources, a finding that transcends the database divide (Amouei Torkmahalleh et al., 2017). High-temperature processes (e.g., deep-frying, stir-frying) are unequivocally linked to peak emissions of total VOCs (TVOCs) and PM, whereas hydrothermal methods (e.g., steaming, boiling) generate substantially lower outputs (Lu et al., 2021). The energy source is another critical determinant; research shows that the combustion of town gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) produces significantly higher ambient levels of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons compared to electricity (Huang et al., 2011). This complex interplay is captured in multivariate assessments, which reveal synergistic interactions among cooking modalities, fuel types, and even cleaning agents in shaping the final VOC emission signature. Furthermore, the WoS cluster #3 cooking oil fume, with its keywords “ozone formation potential,” explicitly connects specific emission components to their downstream environmental impacts, bridging compositional analysis with atmospheric chemistry.
In summary, the research reveals a synergistic, dichotomous global effort: domestic studies provide large-scale, policy-relevant mapping, while international research drills into the chemical agents of concern. This combination of macroscopic inventory and microscopic speciation offers a more complete picture, essential for developing targeted control strategies and accurate health risk assessments. For policymakers, this synergy enables a dual-track regulatory strategy. Macro-level emission inventories guide regional control targets and compliance, while micro-level speciation data provide the scientific basis for setting health-based exposure limits on key toxicants like BaP and acrolein, ensuring policies target the most hazardous components.
3.3.2 Mitigation and control technologies
The research focus on mitigation and control technologies exhibits a profound geographical disparity, predominantly shaped by distinct regulatory pressures and practical challenges. As detailed in Table 2, the keyword clustering analysis reveals that research within the CNKI database is overwhelmingly concentrated on this theme. Clusters such as #0 Cooking fumes (UV photolysis), #3Oil fumes (purification), #4 Catering industry (purification equipment), #6Catalytic oxidation, #7Oil fumes purification (monitoring system), #9Low-temperature plasma, and #10 Exhaust fumes system collectively underscore a robust, application-oriented research paradigm in China. In stark contrast, corresponding clusters are notably scarce in the WoS corpus. International research, as reflected in clusters like #6 risk assessment and #5 indoor air pollution, tends to incorporate control technologies as part of broader health risk or exposure assessments rather than as a primary research focus. For instance, studies might evaluate the effectiveness of ventilation (#6 indoor sources) in reducing personal exposure, but seldom delve into the fundamental innovation of the purification technologies themselves. This highlights a fundamental divergence in research priorities, where domestic efforts are intensely focused on engineering solutions, while international scholarship often treats control as a variable within public health and environmental exposure studies.
The trajectory of purification technologies for cooking fumes has progressively evolved from conventional physicochemical methods toward advanced and integrated systems. Initial approaches primarily relied on mechanical separation, adsorption, and electrostatic precipitation. For instance, Wu and Yu (2004) developed a mechanical separation system utilizing airflow-altering grilles and oil mist net covers, achieving particulate removal efficiencies of 50%–70% via inertial collision. Subsequent innovation has been channeled into advanced oxidation and biological processes. Catalytic combustion, as demonstrated by Ke et al. (2009), attained 88.6% purification efficiency using a CuO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst under simulated cooking fume conditions. Plasma technology, represented by cluster #9 Low-temperature plasma, leverages high-energy electron collisions to generate reactive species for organic compound degradation. A notable study by Chen et al. (2012) reported a 93.9% removal rate for n-hexanal by integrating dielectric barrier discharge plasma with natural mordenite. Concurrently, biodegradation has emerged as a promising pathway, with research demonstrating that activated sludge could achieve over 95% efficiency in degrading specific VOCs and elucidating the underlying biodegradation process (Liu H. et al., 2022).
To overcome the limitations of single-technology applications, hybrid systems combining multiple processes have gained prominence. These integrated configurations synergistically enhance the removal of both particulate matter and VOCs, demonstrating superior cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. Beyond purification units themselves, research encapsulated in cluster #10 Exhaust fumes system has addressed the critical role of capture and ventilation, providing detailed design parameters for exhaust systems in diverse settings, from large commercial complexes (Li, 2014) to civil buildings (Xiao, 2017). Furthermore, the digital transformation is reflected in intelligent monitoring systems, which employ information fusion and neural networks to enhance regulatory efficiency. In contrast, technological innovations noted in WoS literature, such as three-dimensional knitted-spacer air filters—exemplified by a novel design demonstrating high particle removal efficiency with low pressure drop (Sheng et al., 2020)—or energy-efficient circulating ventilation systems, are typically presented as finalized engineering solutions for specific scenarios (e.g., small-scale kitchens or improving indoor air quality), with less emphasis on the fundamental research and development process that characterizes much of the domestic literature.
In summary, domestic research on mitigation technologies presents a comprehensive portfolio spanning fundamental purification mechanisms, integrated system design, and smart management solutions. This technology-driven focus, aimed at solving large-scale, policy-mandated pollution control needs, stands in clear contrast to the international research agenda, where control technology is often a secondary consideration embedded within health-driven or exposure-centric studies. This contrast highlights a key opportunity for regulatory advancement. Future emission standards should evolve from mandating generic removal efficiency to requiring that purification systems demonstrably reduce the concentrations of specific, high-risk compounds (e.g., identified through health studies) below safety thresholds, thereby directly linking technological performance to health protection.
3.3.3 Exposure and health risk assessment
In the domain of exposure and health risk assessment, the research emphasis reverses, with international scholarship establishing clear dominance in depth and mechanistic understanding. As illustrated by the WoS keyword clusters in Table 2, including #5 indoor air pollution, #6 indoor sources, #7 p.m.2.5, #8 fetal death, and #9 urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, the global research community has established a comprehensive framework that intricately links cooking fume exposure to specific health outcomes across diverse populations. In contrast, health-related investigations within the CNKI database are markedly underdeveloped. The domestic cluster #5 Oil fumes gas, while mentioning “hazards” and “toxicity,” primarily remains at the level of general discourse, lacking the mechanistic depth and specific epidemiological or toxicological evidence prevalent in WoS literature (Li and Li, 2019). This disparity underscores a critical gap in the domestic research landscape, where the substantial investment in control technologies is not yet matched by a commensurate understanding of the health burdens they aim to alleviate.
International research has made significant strides in elucidating the carcinogenic risks associated with chronic exposure to cooking fumes. Substantial epidemiological evidence has been accumulated through case-control and cohort studies. A seminal study by Metayer et al. (2002) linked prolonged exposure to fumes from rapeseed and flaxseed oils with a significantly elevated risk of lung cancer in women in rural Gansu, China. This established a foundational association that has been reinforced by subsequent research. Beyond carcinogenicity, studies have explored broader systemic effects. For instance, Svedahl et al. (2012) documented acute inflammatory responses, marked by elevated levels of D-dimer and interleukin-6 in blood, following short-term occupational exposure to cooking fumes, highlighting the immediate cardiovascular stress it can induce. Concerns also extend to developmental and childhood health, with research noting correlations between exposure to cooking-derived pollutants like acrylamide and heterocyclic amines and increased risks of childhood obesity (Bagordo et al., 2017).
The sophistication of international research is further evidenced by its investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity, and by comprehensive evaluations that simultaneously address the atmospheric impacts and health risks of fumes from diverse cuisines (Zhang J et al., 2024). Studies have moved beyond correlative observations to dissect causal pathways. For example, Fang et al. (2016) demonstrated that acrolein, a prevalent carbonyl in cooking emissions, impairs chromatin assembly through covalent histone modifications, providing a direct mechanistic link between exposure and genetic-level damage. Complementing the focus on specific diseases and mechanisms, WoS research also emphasizes refined exposure assessment. The strong presence of clusters like #6 indoor sources and #5 indoor air pollution reflects the importance placed on characterizing exposure pathways in micro-environments, particularly homes and occupational settings (Arı et al., 2020). The use of biomarkers, such as #9 urinary 1-hydroxypyrene for monitoring PAH exposure, further underscores the methodological advancement in quantifying internal dose and providing a more objective measure of health risk.
In summary, while international research leads in constructing a detailed causal chain from emission to health outcome, the relative paucity of similarly deep domestic investigations reveals a critical gap. Addressing this gap represents a strategic opportunity to align Chinese robust technological control framework with health-impact evidence, thereby advancing evidence-based policy. To this end, Chinese regulatory framework can be strengthened by systematically adopting international health risk assessment methodologies. This would facilitate the establishment of evidence-based occupational exposure limits and indoor air quality guidelines. Ultimately, embedding such risk-based evaluation into the existing technology-focused policy paradigm is essential to ensure that emission control investments yield direct and measurable public health benefits, completing the transition from pollution control to genuine health prevention.
4 Conclusion
Based on a comparative bibliometric analysis of Chinese and international cooking fumes research, this study reveals a clear epistemological divergence and identifies strategic pathways for future advancement. This work provides a novel, dual-perspective mapping of the research landscape, systematically contrasting the policy-driven, technology-focused paradigm dominant in Chinese literature with the health-risk-driven paradigm characterizing international scholarship—a synthesis not previously achieved through data-driven bibliometric means. The principal conclusions are as follows:
1. Research paradigms are divergent yet complementary, creating a imperative for interdisciplinary synthesis. Chinese research is characterized by a policy-driven, technology-focused trajectory, whereas international scholarship is defined by a sustained, health-risk-driven paradigm. Future work should integrate these approaches by utilizing health-based evidence to define engineering targets, such as calibrating purification system efficiency against the reduction of specific toxic compounds to concentrations below established risk thresholds.
2. Collaboration networks exhibit structural gaps that limit translational potential. Despite the high productivity of Chinese institutions within the global landscape, the observed decentralized and domestically concentrated collaboration patterns constrain the synergy between technological and public health expertise. Addressing this requires the deliberate formation of international, cross-disciplinary teams that formally unite engineering capabilities with advanced environmental health and epidemiological research.
3. Research priorities are naturally aligned for data integration. The clear dichotomy—where Chinese studies provide macro-level emission control insights and international work offers micro-level health risk assessment—establishes a direct rationale for coupling emission inventory data with personal exposure monitoring. This integration is fundamental for transitioning from macro-scale emission accounting to accurate, health-oriented risk assessment and mitigation.
The findings of this study carry direct practical implications for key stakeholders. For policymakers, integrating international health-risk evidence into national emission standards can help shift focus from generic removal efficiency to health-based limits for key toxicants. For urban air quality managers, linking macro-level emission inventories with micro-level exposure data supports targeted monitoring and control in high-impact areas such as dense restaurant districts. For researchers, the identified epistemological and thematic gaps highlight the need for structured interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly between environmental engineering and public health, to co-develop integrated solutions.
The limitations of this study stem from its methodological design. The targeted use of CNKI and WoS, while enabling a focused China-international comparison, means that relevant research in other languages or regional databases is not included. As a result, the ‘international’ scope is effectively bounded by the coverage of WoS. Notwithstanding this constraint, our findings robustly achieve the study’s comparative objective. Future research could expand on this work by incorporating additional databases.
Notwithstanding these limitations, our findings provide a robust basis for future work. Research in the field of catering cooking fumes should focus on interdisciplinary integration, incorporating knowledge from various fields such as environmental science, public health, and engineering technology to comprehensively address cooking fumes pollution. Additionally, efforts should be enhanced in technological innovation, particularly in developing highly efficient, economical, and practical cooking fumes purification technologies, and promoting their application and widespread adoption. Furthermore, relevant policies and regulations should be established and refined based on scientific research to provide support for reducing cooking fumes emissions. International cooperation is also critically important. By sharing research findings, the global community can collaborate to address the issue of catering cooking fumes pollution. Finally, a long-term monitoring and evaluation system should be implemented to provide a scientific basis for the ongoing management of cooking fumes pollution and health risk assessments, thereby promoting the green and sustainable development of the catering industry.
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author contributions
HD: Writing – original draft, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Conceptualization, Data curation. GZ: Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review and editing, Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Funding acquisition, Resources. LD: Supervision, Validation, Writing – review and editing. ZL: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review and editing. MB: Validation, Writing – review and editing, Supervision. JG: Formal Analysis, Supervision, Writing – review and editing. TH: Visualization, Writing – original draft. MZ: Methodology, Writing – original draft. YG: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review and editing.
Funding
The author(s) declared that financial support was not received for this work and/or its publication.
Conflict of interest
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Keywords: bibliometric method, catering cooking fumes, environmental and health impacts, quantity of published papers, research hotspots
Citation: Duan H, Zhang G, Duan L, Lin Z, Bu M, Guan J, He T, Zhao M and Guo Y (2026) A China-centered bibliometric study of cooking fumes research with an international comparative perspective. Front. Environ. Sci. 14:1689958. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2026.1689958
Received: 18 September 2025; Accepted: 02 January 2026;
Published: 29 January 2026.
Edited by:
Haider Khwaja, University at Albany, United StatesReviewed by:
Wei Li, Taiyuan University of Technology, ChinaMokhammad Ridwan Yudhanegara, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia
Copyright © 2026 Duan, Zhang, Duan, Lin, Bu, Guan, He, Zhao and Guo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Gangfeng Zhang, Z2YuZWxlbnR6aGFuZ0BsaXZlLmNvbQ==; Yaoguang Guo, eWdndW9Ac3NwdS5lZHUuY24=