ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Clinical Nutrition
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1565394
Relationship between timing of achieving energy sufficiency and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients
Provisionally accepted- 1Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- 2Children’s Hospital Affiliated of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- 3Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, zhengzhou, henan, China
- 4The Department of Clinical Nutrition,The First Affliated Hosptial of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
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Background & aim: Malnutrition is a critical challenge in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, with the timing of energy sufficiency being a key yet debated factor in nutritional support. This study aimed to investigate the association between the timing of achieving energy sufficiency (defined as ≥ 70% of daily energy targets, 17.5 kcal/kg/day) in critically ill patients and their clinical outcomes, providing evidence-based guidance for ICU nutritional protocols.Methods: In this prospective observational study, adult patients admitted to the ICU for ≥ 3 days were stratified into three groups based on the time to achieve energy sufficiency: early ( ≤ 3 days), middle (4 -7 days), and late (>7 days). Clinical outcomes, including in-hospital mortality, 60-day mortality, ICU length of stay, and gastrointestinal complications, were compared across groups. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the independent association between energy sufficiency timing and mortality, while restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis explored nonlinear dose-response relationships using days to energy sufficiency as a continuous variable. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 and R 4.2.3 (two-tailed tests, α=0.05).Results: A total of 826 critically ill patients were initially screened, with 584 meeting the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and ultimately enrolled in this study. The middle-group patients (achieving energy sufficiency at 4-7 days) demonstrated the lowest in-hospital mortality (15.6%) and 60-day mortality (28.5%), significantly lower than the late group (32.0% and 49.0%, respectively; P<0.001).After adjusting for confounders (age, BMI, disease severity, etc.), both early and middle energy sufficiency remained independent protective factors against 60-day mortality (HR=0.398 and 0.399, respectively; P<0.001). RCS analysis revealed a nonlinear dose-response relationship: mortality decreased with delayed energy sufficiency up to day 6, after which mortality risk significantly increased (P<0.001 for overall correlation; inflection point at day 6).The timing of achieving energy sufficiency (17.5 kcal/kg/day) is significantly associated with 60-day mortality in ICU patients. Combining RCS-derived inflection point (day 6) and intergroup comparisons, the optimal window for achieving energy sufficiency appears to be 4-6 days post-ICU admission, balancing metabolic stability and tissue repair needs while avoiding early overfeeding risks.
Keywords: energy sufficiency timing, Critical Illness, Nutritional Support, 60-day mortality, restricted cubic spline analysis energy sufficiency timing, Restricted cubic spline analysis
Received: 23 Jan 2025; Accepted: 17 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yue, Zhu, Li, Huang and LYU. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Quanjun LYU, The Department of Clinical Nutrition,The First Affliated Hosptial of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
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