ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Nutritional Epidemiology
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1577169
Global, regional, and national burden of iodine deficiency for women of reproductive age, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Provisionally accepted
- 1Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- 2Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Objective: This study aims to assess the global, regional, and national burden of iodine deficiency among women of reproductive age (WRA) from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, this study reports age-standardized rates per 100 000 population and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLD) of iodine deficiency among WRA, facilitating a comparative analysis of the burden across regions and nations. Moreover, Joinpoint analysis was utilized to assess temporal trends, the slope index and concentration index of inequality were used to assess the health inequality across countries. The bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to forecast the burden up to 2044. Results: A notable upward trend in the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of iodine deficiency among WRA was observed globally from 1990 to 2021, and this trend is projected to remain relatively stable between 2021 and 2030. The global ASIR increase from 171.3 per 100 000 population (95% CI 122.8, 228.2) in 1990 to 193.6 (95% CI 141.7, 253.2) in 2021 with an AAPC at 0.36 (95% CI 0.26, 0.47). Moreover, the global age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardized YLD rate (ASYR) demonstrated decreased trend with the AAPC of -0.31 (-0.35, -0.27) and -1.05(-1.19, -0.92) respectively. In 2021, countries with low sociodemographic index (SDI) exhibited the highest iodine deficiency burden. The highest burden of iodine deficiency was observed in Central Sub-Saharan Africa, while East Asia exhibited the highest increase in ASIR, ASPR and ASYR. Women of 20–24 years showed the highest increase in the age specific incidence rate globally. The significant absolute and relative health inequality was also observed and the gap has been narrowed. Conclusions: Over the past three decades, there has been an overall upward trend in the ASIR of iodine deficiency among WRA globally. Health inequalities related to iodine deficiency was still prominent across countries. Iodine deficiency among WRA remains a significant public health issue. It is crucial to prioritize the development of effective, targeted strategies and implement monitoring mechanisms to enhance the iodine levels among WRA.
Keywords: iodine deficiency, Epidemiology, Women of reproductive age, Global burden of disease, Incidence
Received: 07 Mar 2025; Accepted: 27 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Wang, Tong, Liu, Liu, Xu and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Taotao Wang, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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