A closer look at the role of nutrition in children and adults with ADHD and neurodivergence

Catherine Hunter¹Carla Smith¹Emily Davies²Simon C Dyall^1*Rachel V Gow^3*

• ¹University of Roehampton London, Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
• ²Independent researcher, Surrey, United Kingdom
• ³St Mary's University, Twickenham, Twickenham, London, United Kingdom

The role of nutrition in Attention-Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other neurodivergent conditions is of growing public and research interest. There is little research reporting vitamin, mineral and omega-3 fatty acid levels in ADHD and brain health. This study presents nutritional and psychological data from a community UK sample of children, ((n = 47, Mean age: 10.1 years) and adults (n = 10, Mean age: 29.8 years) with ADHD, autism, dyslexia and other neurodivergent conditions (total n = 57). The participants undertook a blood draw which measured a range of vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids as well as food allergies and food intolerances which were then correlated with psychological symptom scores measuring ADHD symptoms. The key findings in both children and adults present a range of insufficiencies in key nutrients which facilitate neurotransmitter function and, which are deemed as brain-essential, namely omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, B-vitamins and vitamin D. Furthermore, significant relationships were observed between nutrient levels and ADHD symptom severity in the children’s group. For example, red blood cell magnesium was negatively correlated with the Conners CI-Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) Disruptive Behaviour scores, (rho = -0.597, p = 0.024). The omega-3 index (sum of EPA+DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids) was negatively correlated with their Learning and Language Disorder scores, (rho = -0.601, p = 0.018). Magnesium levels were also associated with overall ADHD symptom severity (rho = -0.612, p = 0.02), implying that the greater the severity of ADHD symptoms, the lower the magnesium. This clinical cohort also presented with a range of food intolerances with over 80% of participants presenting with high reactivity scores to cow’s milk, other dairy, and casein, and just over half the sample intolerant to wheat and wheat gluten. This is a novel study which presents preliminary data and insights in the role of nutrition in ADHD and neurodivergence. and relationships between nutritional insufficiencies and ADHD-symptoms. It specifically demonstrates a range of food intolerances and relationships between nutritional insufficiencies and ADHD symptoms, which warrant further exploration in larger case-control groups.