ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Nutritional Epidemiology
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1593057
This article is part of the Research TopicModifiable Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease ProgressionView all 4 articles
Global burden of chronic kidney disease due to hypertension attributable to dietary risks in adults aged 25 years and older: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Provisionally accepted
- 1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- 2Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
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Background: Suboptimal diet remains a major threat to chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and hypertension, however, the burden of diet-attributable CKD due to hypertension (HCKD) has been poorly quantified and reported. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date view of global temporal and geographical trends in dietattributable HCKD burden.Methods: Data on diet-attributable HCKD burden were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. Number and age-standardized rates (ASR) of mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) with their average annual percentage change (AAPC) were used to describe the diet-attributable HCKD burden. Decomposition analysis was employed to assess the contributions of aging, population, and epidemiological changes to HCKD burden.Results: Globally, the ASR of mortality (ASMR) and DALYs (ASDR) of dietattributable HCKD among adults aged ≥25 years increased from 3.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 2.0-5.6) and 91.7 (50.1-140.1) per 100,000 population in 1990 to 4.3 (2.3-6.7) and 101.2 (56.0-154.5) per 100,000 population in 2021, respectively. Both mortality and DALYs of diet-attributable HCKD burden in 2021 were higher among males than females. Low fruit and low vegetable intake contributed the most to the dietattributable HCKD burden. The highest ASMR and ASDR of diet-attributable HCKD were observed in Central Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas the lowest were observed in Eastern Europe. The elderly population had higher mortality and DALYs than other age groups. Decomposition analysis showed that population growth mainly contributed to HCKD burden, particularly in low SDI regions. The diet-attributable HCKD burden is increasing at an alarming rate globally, especially in low SDI countries and elderly adults. This study emphasizes the urgent need for rigorous public health interventions to change unhealthy dietary behaviors and decrease diet-attributable HCKD burden worldwide.
Keywords: Global Burden of Disease study, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hypertension, Dietary risks, Mortality, Disability-adjusted life years
Received: 14 Mar 2025; Accepted: 14 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Huang, Qiu, Long, Ding, Gong and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Ailing Liu, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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