ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Nutrition and Metabolism
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1619751
Manganese exposure and its U-shaped relationship with diabetic retinopathy: Analysis of NHANES 2011-2020
Provisionally accepted
- Eye Hospital，China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Background: Although many studies have pointed to the role of manganese in various diseases. However, there are surprisingly few studies on the potential relationship between manganese and diabetic retinopathy (DR). The available literature fails to provide definitive conclusions regarding the directionality and strength of this particular association. Methods: The analytical cohort comprised 2,558 adults from NHANES 2011-2020 cycles. We employed binary logistic regression to evaluate manganese-DR associations, supplemented by subgroup analyses, nonparametric smoothing techniques, and propensity score weighting to address potential confounding. Results: Our multivariate model failed to find a significant linear relationship between manganese concentration and the likelihood of DR (P>0.05). However, we found that manganese levels above 7.66 μg/L DR were less severe (adjusted OR=0.84, P=0.0007). This suggests a nonlinear dose-response relationship. Conclusion: The manganese and DR relationship followed a U-shaped dose-response pattern. The least severe condition was observed at 7.66 μg/L, while the disease was aggravated at both insufficient and excessive concentrations.
Keywords: Manganese, heavy metal, Diabetic Retinopathy, NHANES, Epidemiology
Received: 28 Apr 2025; Accepted: 02 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Chen, Gu, Qi, Hao and Xie. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Xiaofeng Hao, Eye Hospital，China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Like Xie, Eye Hospital，China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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