ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Clinical Nutrition
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1638849
This article is part of the Research TopicSmart Dietary Management for Precision Diabetes Mellitus CareView all 7 articles
Associations between Daily Dietary Carbohydrate Intake and TIR in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Provisionally accepted
- 1The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- 2Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Objective: To assess the association between daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake and glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: Patients with T1D who received continuous glucose monitoring(CGM)to manage their blood glucose levels were enrolled in the study. A dietitian analyzed dietary components, including carbohydrate, protein, and fat percentages in the total dietary intake. Mean individual daily CHO intake (MIDC) and relative deviation from MIDC(<80% low; 81-120% medium, >120% high CHO consumption) were compared with parameters of glycemic control assessed by CGM.Records from 36 patients (11 male, 25 female; age 39.5 ± 13.9 years; HbA1c 9.0 ± 2.8% [75 ±31 mmol/mol]).Provided 356 days of data for a total of 1,068 meals. Time in range (3.9-10mmol/l) for low, medium, and high CHO consumption was 81.6(70.96, 90.28)%, 74.65(59.55, 84.9)%, and 64.58(51.04, 77.78)%, respectively (P < 0.001). Time aboverange (>10mmol/L) was 9. 55(1.39, 17.95)%, 10.42(2.78, 27.43)%, and 27.08(11.46, 47.92)%, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no between-group difference for time in hypoglycemia(<3.9mmol/L; P=0.136). After adjusting for HbA1c, total calorie intake, and total daily insulin dose, carbohydrate intake was negatively correlated with achieving TIR ≥ 70%.Daily CHO intake was inversely associated with glycemic control in adults with T1D. A carbohydrate energy percentage between 40-50% and a relatively low daily carbohydrate intake may be a strategy to optimize glucose control in suboptimal-controlled T1D in real-world settings.
Keywords: Continuous glucose monitoring, Diet effect, carbohydrate, type 1 diabetes, Hypoglycemia
Received: 31 May 2025; Accepted: 18 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Cai, Li, Xiong, Zhang, He and Su. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yunying Cai, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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