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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Nutr.

Sec. Nutritional Epidemiology

Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1655651

Global Burden of Four Cardiovascular Diseases Attributable to Low Fruits and Vegetables Intake, 1990–2021, with a Forecast to 2044

Provisionally accepted
Xin  HeXin He*Jiaxin  HuangJiaxin HuangHua  CaoHua Cao*Zhangbo  ChengZhangbo Cheng*
  • Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Background:Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading global cause of death. The contribution of inadequate fruits and vegetables (F&V) intake to specific CVD subtypes has not been well characterized across places and time. Methods:Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 estimates for 204 countries/territories, we have quantified deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), hypertensive heart disease (HHD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and aortic aneurysm (AA) attributable to low fruit or low vegetables intake (1990-2021). We have assessed age-standardized mortality and DALY rates (ASMR, ASDR) and temporal trends via estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), examined patterns by age, sex, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI), decomposed changes into demographics versus epidemiologic effects, and generated forecasts to 2044 using Nordpred. Results:In 2021, inadequate F&V intake accounted for a substantial CVD burden worldwide. IHD and HHD dominated deaths and DALYs. Although ASMRs and ASDRs generally declined, absolute deaths rose, driven largely by population ageing. AA, PAD, and IHD burdens were higher in men, whereas HHD burden was higher in women. Middle-and low-SDI settings carried greater IHD and HHD burdens, while AA and PAD were more prominent in high-SDI regions. Notably, HHD mortality attributable to low fruits intake increased across all SDI strata. Decomposition analyses indicated ageing as the principal driver of rising deaths in high-SDI regions and combined effects of population growth and adverse epidemiologic change in lower-SDI regions. Projections suggested continued increases in deaths with relatively stable ASMRs through 2044. Conclusions:Despite improvements in age-standardized rates, persistent dietary risks and demographic ageing sustained a high, uneven burden of diet-related CVDs. Equitable, population-level policies to improve F&V affordability and access — particularly in lower-SDI regions—are essential to curb future cardiovascular mortality.

Keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases, fruits and vegetables intake, Dietary risk factors, Global burden of disease, mortality trends, Socio-demographic index (SDI)

Received: 28 Jun 2025; Accepted: 19 Sep 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 He, Huang, Cao and Cheng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Xin He, 437129488@qq.com
Hua Cao, 13569951310@163.com
Zhangbo Cheng, qqq7363636@163.com

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