ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Nutritional Epidemiology
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1679569
Global burden of tuberculosis attributable to diet low in whole grains from 1990 to 2021, with projection to 2045
Provisionally accepted
- Suqian People's Hospital of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group, Suqian, China
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Background: This study, based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021), aims to analyze the global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis attributable to diet low in whole grains (TB-DLWG) from 1990 to 2021, and to project trends through 2045. Methods: Using GBD 2021 data, the study assessed the burden of TB-DLWG through disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality rates. Decomposition analysis, cross-national inequality analysis, and the Nordpred model were employed to evaluate historical trends and predict future patterns. Results: In 2021, TB-DLWG accounted for 177,303.55 DALYs globally, representing an 8% decrease from 1990. The number of deaths was 5,539.13, a 12% reduction. However, the burden increased in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions, particularly in Southern Sub-Saharan Africa. Cross-country inequality analysis revealed that low-SDI countries bore a heavier burden, though relative inequality showed improvement. Projections indicate that by 2045, the absolute number of DALYs and deaths may increase globally, but age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) are expected to gradually decline and stabilize. Conclusion: Although the global burden of TB-DLWG has generally declined, low SDI regions still face significant challenges. There is an urgent need to enhance public health resource allocation, promote whole grain consumption in low SDI regions.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, diet low in whole grains, GBD 2021, SDI, DALYs, healthinequality
Received: 04 Aug 2025; Accepted: 06 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Lu, Lu and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Xiaoning Lu, 15252885336@163.com
Xiang Liu, 13770912266@139.com
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