ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Nutrition and Metabolism
Impact of α-linolenic acid supplementation on long-chain n-3 fatty acid profiles in Western, flexitarian, vegetarian, and vegan diets
Provisionally accepted
- 1Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- 2Sophien- und Hufeland-Klinikum gGmbH, Weimar, Germany
- 3Deutsches Institut fur Ernahrungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrucke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Introduction: Long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are critical nutrients in vegetarian and vegan diets due to the absence of fish and other animal products. α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is the main plant derived precursor for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), yet conversion efficiency is limited and influenced by several dietary and metabolic factors. Therefore, the NuEva Study aimed to investigate the impact of flaxseed oil on fatty acid profiles depending on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), dietary pattern (Western diet (omnivores), flexitarian, vegetarian, vegan), and status of relevant nutrients. Methods: The NuEva study is a prospective non-randomized intervention with parallel diet groups (Western diet (omnivores), flexitarian, vegetarian, vegan; n=168), which includes nutrient-optimized menu plans (12 months) combined with flaxseed oil supplementation (3 g/d ALA for 9 months). Fatty acids were analyzed at baseline and repeatedly throughout the intervention period focusing on n-6 and n-3 PUFA in plasma and erythrocytes lipids. Furthermore, potential modulators of ALA conversion (age, sex, BMI, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and EPA status) were investigated. Results: In Western diet participants, erythrocyte n-6 PUFA increased by 5.5 %, mainly due to arachidonic acid. In contrast, ALA (+22.5–38.4 %), EPA (+27.3–40.7 %), DPA (+27.2–40.7 %) and DHA (+12.8–26.0 %) increased significantly across all dietary patterns. Conversion efficiency was unaffected by sex, BMI, age, linoleic acid, or arachidonic acid, but individuals with low baseline EPA showed markedly greater increases in EPA (+62.9 % vs. +12.9 %), DPA (+41.9 % vs. +22.3 %), and DHA (+27.0 % vs. +7.6 %) compared to subjects with higher EPA status. Conclusion: In conclusion, flaxseed oil supplementation combined with a controlled diet effectively improves LC n-3 PUFA status irrespective of habitual diet. The extent of relative improvement was primarily determined by baseline EPA concentrations.
Keywords: PUFA, N-3 fatty acid, n-6 fatty acid, Fatty acid profile, Flaxseed oil, Plant-based diet
Received: 17 Oct 2025; Accepted: 24 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Klein, Kipp, Lorkowski, Eichelmann and Dawczynski. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Christine Dawczynski
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