GBD: Incidence rates and prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression and schizophrenia in countries with different SDI levels, 1990-2021

Jueqi WangXue GuanNing Tao^*

• Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Region, China

Background ：Anxiety disorders, depression, and schizophrenia contribute substantially to global disability and socioeconomic burdens. However, trends in their epidemiology across socioeconomic contexts and the roles of age, period, and cohort effects remain underexplored.Method：Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, this study analyzed age-standardized incidence and prevalence trends of these disorders across Socio-demographic Index (SDI) . Joinpoint regression and APC models assessed age, period, and cohort effects, with 5-year age groupings and 95% uncertainty intervals (UI).Results In countries with different SDI levels, the age-standardised average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the incidence of anxiety were all shown to be increasing, and there were large gender differences between the different SDI levels, with a maximum of 0.97 (0.76 - 1.18) for females in countries with a high SDI level,Age-standardised mor rates per 100,000 people in high SDI countries, from 658.87 in 1990 to 841.56 in 2021,and the largest gender differences in countries with a low to moderate SDI level, with AAPCs for males and females of 0.04 (0.04 - 0.05), 0.86 (0.63 - 1.09); for depression, only the countries with medium-high SDI levels were statistically significant compared to the countries with medium-low SDI levels, with AAPCs of 0.05 (0.04 - 0.07), 0.04 (0.04 - 0.05); for schizophrenia in addition to the AAPCs of the countries with medium-high SDI levels showed an increase of 0.16 ( 0.13 - 0.18); the rest decreased.Conclusions： This study highlights the current status of global mental illness incidence and prevalence, with different gender differences in mental illness across countries with different levels of SDI, and further explores the mechanisms by which socio-economic development affects gender-specific mental health.Countries with different SDI levels have responded to unique trends within their specific socioeconomic, cultural, and historical contexts, suggesting the need for contextualised public health strategies to effectively respond to and manage the incidence and prevalence of mental disorders in these different settings. Prevalence of mental disorders. This points the way to more in-depth future research on treatments and interventions for mental disorders.