Green Synthesis of New Category of Pyrano[3,2-c]Chromene-Diones Catalyzed by Nanocomposite as Fe3O4@SiO2-Propyl Covalented Dapsone-Copper Complex
Leila Zare Fekri- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Nanomagnetic dapsone-Cu supported on the silica-coated Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@SiO2-pr@dapsone-Cu) nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This newly synthesized nanocomposite was chosen to act as a green, efficient, and recyclable Lewis acid for the multicomponent synthesis of new derivatives of pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-diones through the reaction of aromatic aldehydes, indandione, and 4-hydroxycoumarin in water. All of the synthesized compounds are new and are recognized by FT-IR, NMR, and elemental analysis; this avenue is new and has advantages such as short reaction times, high productivity, economical synthesis, and use of green solvent, H2O, as a medium. The catalyst is magnetically recoverable and can be used after six runs without a decrease in the efficiency.
Introduction
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are useful avenue for the synthesis of organic compounds. This reaction is a combination of at least three components in a one-pot domino (Li and Chan, 1997; Grieco, 1998; Dömling and Uzi, 2000; Dömling, 2002; Hosseini-Zare et al., 2012). MCRs have benefits such as higher atom economy and selectivity and production of complex molecules with low by-products. Nowadays, MCRs have attracted a lot of interest in organic transformation (Bienaymé et al., 2000; Kandhasamy and Gnanasambandam, 2009; Müller 2014).
Pyranochromenes have various biological activities such as antifungal (Ouf et al., 2014), antibacterial (Zhang et al., 2012), antihyperglycaemic and antidyslipidemic (Kumar et al., 2009), anticancer (Lee et al., 2009), cytotoxic (Magiatis et al., 1998), anti-HIV (Kongkathip et al., 2005), anti-HBV (Su et al., 2009), antiviral (Barnard et al., 2002), antiproliferative (Mao et al., 2019), anti-inflammatory (Symeonidis et al., 2009), antinociceptive (Lima et al., 2006), and antituberculosis (Xu et al., 2006). They are also synthetic intermediates for alkaloids, drug candidates, and clinical pharmaceuticals (Williams and Cox, 2003).
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as catalysts are interesting materials because of their high surface area, unique magnetic properties, and high catalytic activity. They were used as magnetic fluids catalysis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data storage and environmental remediation (Rezaee Nezhad et al., 2014; Mokhtary, 2016; Rezayati et al., 2016; Fekri and Maleki, 2017; Abbasi et al., 2017; Fekri et al., 2020; Sardarian et al., 2019; Inaloo et al., 2020a; 2020b; 2020c; 2020d).
To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the use of Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl-loaded dapsone-copper as a catalyst for the synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]chromenes via multicomponent reactions of aldehydes, indandione, and 4-hydroxycoumarin results.
Experimental
Material and Method
The X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential analysis for synthesized MNPs were analyzed on X-PRTPRO (Netherlands) XRD, TEM Jeol model 3,010, Philips XL 30 scanning electron microscope (SEM, Netherlands), Q600 (made in America), and ZEN3600 (England) instrument, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of organic compounds were carried out by Shimadzu Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR-470, Japan). 1H and 13C NMR spectra were determined using a Bruker DRX Avance instrument at 500 or 300 and 125 or 75 MHz.
General Procedure for Preparation of Fe3O4
Nanoparticles Fe3O4 were synthesized by Zare Fekri (Fekri and Maleki, 2017; Fekri, 2020).
Synthesis of Fe3O4@SiO2-Cl
Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs were prepared by Zare Fekri (Nikpassand et al., 2017; Fekri et al., 2020; Fekri and Zeinali, 2020).
Synthesis of Fe3O4@SiO2@dapsone
500 mg Fe3O4@SiO2-Cl MNPs in 50 ml distilled water were irradiated under ultrasound for 30 min. Then, dapsone 0.5 g was added. The mixture was refluxed at 110°C for 14 h. The Fe3O4@SiO2@dapsone was filtered in the presence of an enormous magnet and washed with chloroform several times and dried at 80°C for 4 h.
Synthesis of Fe3O4@SiO2@dapsone-Cu
500 mg Fe3O4@SiO2@dapsone MNPs in 50 ml EtOH-H2O (1:1) were irradiated under ultrasonic bath for 30 min. Then, 20 ml aqueous solution of copper chloride (I) (0.1 g; 0.001 mol) was added to the Fe3O4@SiO2@dapsone and stirred for 48 h. The Fe3O4@SiO2@dapsone-Cu MNPs were filtered in the presence of a magnetic bar and washed using ethanol and water subsequently, to separate the nanoparticles.
General Procedure for the Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-Dione
A mixture of aldehyde (1.0 mmol), indan-1,3-dione (2.0 mmol), 4-hydroxycoumarin (1 mmol), and 0.05 g Fe3O4@SiO2@dapsone-Cu MNPs was stirred at room temperature in 10 ml distilled water for the required reaction time as indicated by TLC (TLC silica gel 60 F250, ethyl acetate : n-hexane 1 : 4). After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixture was filtered in the presence of an efficient magnetic bar to separate the catalyst. The catalyst was washed with 10 ml ethanol and reused. The crude products were collected and dried.
Characterization Data
7-(4-Nitrophenyl)-6H-indeno [2',1':5,6]pyrano [3,2-c]chromene-6,8(7H)-dione 4a: m. p. 203–205°C, FT-IR (KBr, cm−1): 1739 (C=O str), 1701 (C=O str), 1,561 (Asymmetric NO2 str or aromatic C=C str), 1,510, 1,456 (aromatic C=C str), 1,348 (symmetric NO2 str), 1,257 (C-O str), 1,099.1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δH 5.31 (s, 1H, chiral C-H), 6.84–6.88 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.00–7.04 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.18 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.23 (d, J = 2.4Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.31 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.35 (s, 1H, Ar), 7.55 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.85–7.95 (m, 2H, Ar), 8.06–8.14 (m, 1H, Ar) ppm. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz): δC 57.50 (chiral carbon), 111.60 (Ar), 113.45 (Ar), 117.89 (Ar), 121.98 (two peaks, Ar), 123.56 (Ar), 123.98 (Ar), 125.01 (Ar), 126.23 (Ar), 127.09 (Ar), 131.56 (Ar), 131.87 (Ar), 132.33 (Ar), 137.89 (Ar), 133.98 (Ar), 139.09 (two peaks, Ar), 141.23 (Ar), 145.81 (Ar), 149.87 (Ar), 198.76 (C=O), 201.17 (C=O)ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C25H13NO6: C, 70.92; H, 3.09; N, 3.31. Found: C, 70.93; H, 3.05; N, 3.32.
7-(3-Nitrophenyl)-6H-indeno [2',1':5,6]pyrano [3,2-c]chromene-6,8(7H)-dione 4b: m. p. 176–177°C, FT-IR (KBr, cm−1): 1736 (C=O str), 1700 (C=O str), 1,660, 1,580 (asymmetric NO2 or aromatic C=C str), 1,430 (aromatic C=C str), 1,330 (symmetric NO2 str), 1,275 (C-O str). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δH 5.33 (s, 1H, chiral C-H)), 6.85 (t, J = 7.2Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.00 (t, J = 7.2Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.22 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.31 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.35 (d, J = 2.0Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.52 (t, J = 8.0Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.78 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.85–7.94 (m, 2H, Ar), 8.00–8.02 (m, 1H, Ar), 8.18 (d, J = 2.0Hz, 1H, Ar) ppm. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz): δC 58.30 (chiral C), 112.00 (two peaks, Ar), 113.54 (Ar), 114.00 (Ar), 118.96 (Ar), 119.18 (Ar), 121.80 (Ar), 122.03 (Ar), 123.29 (Ar), 123.33 (Ar), 124.75 (Ar), 126.61 (Ar), 129.98 (two peaks, Ar), 135.84 (Ar), 136.36 (Ar), 136.66 (Ar), 142.40 (Ar), 142.44 (Ar), 144.60 (Ar), 147.91 (Ar), 198.90 (C=O), 200.16 (C=O) ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C25H13NO6: C, 70.92; H, 3.09; N, 3.31. Found: C, 70.95; H, 3.07; N, 3.36.
7-(4-Bromophenyl)-6H-indeno [2',1':5,6]pyrano [3,2-c]chromene-6,8(7H)-dione 4c: m. p. 276–278°C, FT-IR (KBr, cm−1): 1735 (C=O str), 1700 (C=O str), 1,650, 1,457 (aromatic C=C str), 1,215 (C-O str). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δH 5.13 (s, 1H, chiral C-H), 6.85 (t, J = 7.2Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.01 (t, J = 7.2Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.13 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.17 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.31 (dd, J = 3.2Hz, J = 5.6Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.35 (dd, J = 1.6Hz, J = 6.4Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.84–7.93 (m, 2H, Ar) ppm. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz): δC 58.48 (chiral C), 111.91 (Ar), 114.32 (Ar), 118.95 (Ar), 119.00 (Ar), 119.99 (Ar), 121.60 (Ar), 123.25 (Ar), 124.76 (Ar), 126.71 (two peaks, Ar), 131.06 (Ar), 131.21 (Ar), 131.27 (Ar), 136.44 (Ar), 136.54 (Ar), 136.58 (Ar), 141.35 (Ar), 142.38 (Ar), 142.61 (Ar), 144.32 (Ar), 197.56 (C=O), 200.26 (C=O) ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C25H13BrO4: C, 65.66; H, 2.87. Found: C, 65.65; H, 3.07; N, 2.86.
7-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-6H-indeno [2',1':5,6]pyrano [3,2-c]chromene-6,8(7H)-dione 4d: m. p. 289–290°C, FT-IR (KBr, cm−1): 1737 (C=O str), 1705 (C=O str), 1,650, 1,608 (aromatic C=C str), 1,538, 1,224 (C-O str). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δH 5.04 (s, 1H, chiral C-H), 6.41–6.44 (m, 1H, Ar), 6.57 (t, J = 7.8Hz, 1H, Ar), 6.92 (d, J = 8.7Hz, 1H, Ar), 6.84 (t, J = 8.5Hz, 1H, Ar), 6.90 (t, J = 8.5Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.00–7.04 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.14 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.32 (d, J = 7.8Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.41 (d, J = 4.3Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.83–7.92 (m, 3H, Ar), 9.13 (s, 1H, OH) ppm. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz): δC 58.71 (chiral C), 111.83 (Ar), 113.91 (two peaks, Ar), 115.11 (Ar), 116.07 (Ar), 118.86 (two peaks, Ar), 118.99 (Ar), 119.63 (Ar), 121.48 (Ar), 123.15 (two peaks, Ar), 124.78 (Ar), 126.94 (Ar), 129.23 (Ar), 136.36 (two peaks, Ar), 136.43 (Ar), 142.45 (Ar), 142.85 (two peaks, Ar), 143.06 (Ar), 157.23 (Ar), 197.83 (C=O), 200.51 (C=O) ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C25H14O5: C, 76.14; H, 3.58. Found: C, 76.11; H, 3.07.
7-(4-(Methylthio)phenyl)-6H-indeno [2',1':5,6]pyrano [3,2-c]chromene-6,8(7H)-dione 4e: m. p. 269–270°C, FT-IR (KBr, cm−1): 2,921 (aliphatic C-H str), 1735 (C=O str), 1701 (C=O str), 1,593 (aromatic C = c str), 1,488 (aromatic C=C str), 1,423, 1,344, 1,261 (C-O str). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δH 2.43 (s, 3H, SCH3), 5.10 (s, 1H, chiral C-H), 6.84 (t, J = 7.8Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.01 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 3H, Ar), 7.13 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 3H, Ar), 7.31 (d, J = 3.2Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.36 (s, 1H, Ar), 7.86–7.92 (m, 2H, Ar) ppm. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz): δC 51.63 (SCH3), 58.75 (chiral C), 112.98 (Ar), 113.93 (two peaks, Ar), 114.01 (Ar), 115.08 (Ar), 116.81 (Ar), 117.23 (Ar), 119.53 (Ar), 120.56 (Ar), 122.05 (two peaks, Ar), 124.89 (Ar), 125.34 (Ar), 125.87 (Ar), 134.21 (Ar), 136.42 (Ar), 143.21 (two peaks, Ar), 145.17 (Ar), 158.23 (Ar), 196.23 (C=O), 201.01 (C=O) ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C26H16O4S: C, 73.57; H, 3.80. Found: C, 73.51; H, 3.87.
7-(Pyridin-3-yl)-6H-indeno [2',1':5,6]pyrano [3,2-c]chromene-6,8(7H)-dione 4f: m. p. >300°C, FT-IR (KBr, cm−1): 3,034 (aromatic C-H str), 2,910 (aliphatic C-H str), 1743 (C=O str), 1703 (C=O str), 1,565 (aromatic C=C str), 1,425 (aromatic C=C str), 1,265 (C-O str), 1,168.1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δH 5.21 (s, 1H, chiral C-H), 6.86 (t, J = 7.8Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.02 (t, J = 7.5Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.18–7.22 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.30 (t, J = 8.5Hz, 3H, Ar), 7.65 (d, J = 8.6Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.87–7.94 (m, 3H, Ar), 8.31 (d, J = 7.8Hz, 1H, Ar) ppm. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz): δC 56.78 (chiral C), 113.09 (two peaks, Ar), 114.56 (Ar), 116.12 (Ar), 116.91 (Ar), 116.99 (Ar), 118.13 (Ar), 118.76 (Ar), 121.43 (two peaks, Ar), 122.16 (two peaks, Ar), 123.54 (Ar), 125.57 (Ar), 126.47 (Ar), 128.46 (Ar), 134.09 (Ar), 138.11 (two peaks, Ar), 147.87 (Ar), 155.08 (Ar), 197.34 (C=O), 200.07 (C=O) ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C24H13NO4: C, 75.98; H, 3.45; N, 3.69. Found: C, 75.93; H, 3.43, N, 3.65.
7-Phenyl-6H-indeno [2',1':5,6]pyrano [3,2-c]chromene-6,8(7H)-dione 4 g: m. p. 203–205 °C, FT-IR (KBr, cm−1): 3,098 (aromatic C-H str), 1735 (C=O str), 1702 (C=O str), 1,603 (aromatic C=C str), 1,408, 1,365, 1,323, 1,211 (C-O str). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δH 5.10 (s, 1H, chiral C-H), 6.35–6.56 (m, 3H, Ar), 6.68 (d, J = 7.8Hz, 2H, Ar), 6.86 (s, 1H, Ar), 6.98–7.11 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.28 (d, J = 6.8Hz, 3H, Ar), 7.34 (d, J = 8.2Hz, 2H, Ar) ppm. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz): δC 58.52 (chiral C), 114.23 (Ar), 114.38 (Ar), 116.01 (Ar), 116.98 (Ar), 117.45 (Ar), 117.67 (Ar), 117.89 (Ar), 121.32 (Ar), 121.67 (Ar), 123.55 (Ar), 124.78 (Ar), 126.98 (Ar), 127.46 (Ar), 129.00 (Ar), 132.65 (two peaks, Ar), 136.89 (Ar), 138.91 (Ar), 141.24 (Ar), 143.67 (Ar), 196.34 (C=O), 200.32 (C=O) ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C25H14O4: C, 79.36; H, 3.73. Found: C, 79.31; H, 3.77.
7-(p-Tolyl)-6H-indeno [2',1':5,6]pyrano [3,2-c]chromene-6,8(7H)-dione 4h: m. p. 234–235°C, FT-IR (KBr, cm−1): 1734 (C=O str), 1701 (C=O str), 1,576 (aromatic C=C str), 1,435 (aromatic C=C str), 1,387, 1,234 (C-O str), 1,114.1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δH 2.35 (s, 3H, Ph-CH3), 5.31 (s, 1H, chiral C-H), 6.87 (d, J = 7.8Hz, 2H, Ar), 6.87–7.09 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.23 (J = 8.5Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.56 (d, J = 7.8Hz, 2H, Ar), 7.67–7.83 (m, 3H, Ar), 8.01–8.09 (m, 2H, Ar) ppm. 13C NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz): δC 34.23 (benzylic carbon), 58.65 (chiral C), 112.67 (Ar), 114.00 (Ar), 115.34 (Ar), 116.46 (Ar), 118.87 (two peaks, Ar), 119.45 (Ar), 121.33 (Ar), 125.67 (Ar), 126.23 (Ar), 128.98 (Ar), 129.00 (two peaks, Ar), 132.46 (Ar), 135.47 (Ar), 135.88 (Ar), 137.98 (Ar), 141.12 (Ar), 143.34 (Ar), 146.54 (Ar), 198.08 (C=O), 200.23 (C=O) ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C26H16O4: C, 79.58; H, 4.11. Found: C, 79.53; H, 4.07.
Result and Discussion
Synthesis and Characterization
In order to prepare nanocatalyst, initially, Fe3O4 MNPs were modified with silica and then with chloropropyl silane via chemical bonds to obtain Fe3O4@SiO2-pr. In the next step, Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl was covalented by substitution reaction by dapsone to prepare Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl loaded dapsone. This nanocatalyst was treated with copper chloride to produce Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu (Scheme 1). The structure of the prepared nanocatalyst was studied and fully characterized using FT-IR, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), XRD, zeta potential, TEM, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analysis.
SCHEME 1. Multistep synthesis of Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu complex.
As shown in Figure 1 (FE-SEM and TEM), the magnetic nanoparticles have a spherical shape with an average diameter of 14–38 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles have aggregated well.
FIGURE 1. (A) FE-SEM and (B) TEM images of synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2-pr@dapsone-Cu.
Figure 2 shows FT-IR spectra of Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu MNPs. Wavenumbers of Fe-O bonds of Fe3O4 appear in 569 and 467 cm−1 in Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu MNPs. The peaks positioned at 2,928 cm−1 are assigned to aliphatic C-H bonds of Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu MNPs. The peak at 1,102 cm−1 and 1,141 cm−1 is attributed to Si-O-Si stretching modes of Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu. Furthermore, the other peaks were seen as 1,594 (S=O stretching), 1,628 (aromatic C=C stretching), 3,371 (N-H stretching), and 1,343 cm−1 (C-N stretching) in Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu.
FIGURE 2. FT-IR spectra of Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu MNPs.
The XRD pattern of synthesized nanoparticles showed the sharp diffraction peaks with 2θ at 18° (111), 30.4° (220), 35.7° (311), 43.3° (400), 53.6° (422), 57.7° (511), 63.0° (440), and 74.6 (533) (Figure 3A), which indicate that the MNPs have highly crystalline cubic spinel structure of the magnetite and matched with the diffraction patterns of the standard Fe3O4 (JCPD 19–0629). This confirmed the stability of the crystalline phase of the magnetite core in the structure after silica coating, condensation, and complexation process. The absence of an amorphous peak in pattern confirmed the crystalline structure. Using Debye–Scherrer equation, the mean size of crystallite was calculated as 12.1 nm from the XRD pattern (crystallite shape factor: 0.9 and λ CuKa1 = 1.54060 Å). This value is lower than the size obtained by FE-SEM and TEM due to the fact that some crystallite forms a particle. Also, the d-spacing and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the highest XRD peak (2θ = 35.71o) were obtained as 2.514 Å and 0.6888 (2θo).
FIGURE 3. (A) The XRD and (B) thermogravimetry analysis of synthesized nanoparticles Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu complex.
Figure 3B revealed the TGA analysis of synthesized nanoparticles. Two weight losses are observed. The first decrease is related to a temperature below 333°C because of desorption of water and the second weight-loss step at 524°C is due to decomposition of organic compound as dapsone.
As shown in Figure 4A, the zeta potential was scanned. The large zeta potential obtained revealed a more stable dispersion of synthesized MNPs. The zeta potential value of dispersed synthesized in deionized water in absence of any electrolyte was +25.1 mV.
FIGURE 4. (A) Zeta potential and (B) EDX analysis of Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu complex.
The presence of iron, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, silica, sulfur, and copper, in EDX, revealed the successful synthesis of these nanoparticles.
The magnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles are shown in Figure 5. The results approve the superparamagneticity behavior.
FIGURE 5. VSM analysis of nanoparticles.
Catalytic Application
In continuation of our study to synthesize pharmaceutical compounds (Fekri et al., 2018a, b; Fekri and Fard, 2016; Zare et al., 2010; Nikpassand et al., 2012; Fekri and Nikpassand 2014), we triggered to use Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu nanoparticles, for the multicomponent synthesis of novel derivatives of pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-diones via the multicomponent reaction between various aldehydes, indan-1,3-dione, and 4-hydroxycoumarine (Scheme 2).
SCHEME 2. Multicomponent synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-diones.
To complete our assessment, we checked the effect of different conditions in the sample reaction. For example, we treated 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, indandione, and 4-hydroxycoumarin under stirring at room temperature and refluxing in EtOH. The satisfactory results were obtained via the reaction of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, indandione, and 4-hydroxycoumarin in the presence of 0.05 g of Fe3O4@SiO2-propyl@dapsone-Cu in aqueous media under stirring (Table 1).
TABLE 1. The optimization reaction conditions for the synthesis of 4a.
To expand the generality and efficiency of this avenue, some aldehydes with electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents were treated with indan-1,3-dione and 4-hydroxycoumarin. The results are summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 2. The reaction scope of synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-diones.
As a proposed mechanistic pathway, initially, aldehyde was activated by the nanocatalyst, followed by nucleophilic attack of C-H acid of indan-1,3-diones, together with the departure of water, and chalcone was produced. Nucleophilic attack of 4-hydroxycoumarin to chalcone as Michael addition and then intramolecular cyclization followed by elimination of water lead to product 4 (Scheme 3).
SCHEME 3. Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of pyranochromene-diones.
Furthermore, the magnetic nanoparticles are magnetically recoverable and can be reused for six runs. Appearance features of the catalyst were not changed after several uses (Figure 6).
FIGURE 6. The recyclability of nanocatalyst.
To better understand the stability of catalyst after five cycles under these reaction conditions, FE-SEM and TEM analyses were carried out. The results are summarized in Figure 7.
FIGURE 7. (A) FE-SEM and (B) TEM image of reused synthesized catalyst in the sixth run.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a new catalytic method for the synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-diones has been developed. This method offers several advantages, such as simple workup and purification procedure without the use of any chromatographic method, mild reaction conditions, use of inexpensive and commercially available starting materials, recyclability and reusability of the catalyst, high product yields, and short reaction time. So we think that this procedure could be considered a new and useful addition to the present methodologies in this area.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary files, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
LZ carried out experimental studies, wrote the original draft, and analyzed spectral characterization of synthesized molecules and project planning, proofreading, and editing.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
Financial support from the Research Council of Payame Noor University of Rasht branch is sincerely acknowledged.
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Keywords: dapsone-cu, silica-coated Fe3O4, silica, pyranochromenes, nanoorganometallic chemistry
Citation: Zare Fekri L (2021) Green Synthesis of New Category of Pyrano[3,2-c]Chromene-Diones Catalyzed by Nanocomposite as Fe3O4@SiO2-Propyl Covalented Dapsone-Copper Complex. Front. Chem. 9:720555. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.720555
Received: 04 June 2021; Accepted: 27 July 2021;
Published: 01 September 2021.
Edited by:
Zhendong Jin, The University of Iowa, United StatesReviewed by:
Mohsen Esmaeilpour, Niroo Research Institute, IranNan Zheng, University of Arkansas, United States
Copyright © 2021 Zare Fekri. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Leila Zare Fekri, chem_zare@yahoo.com