Petrogenesis and geological significance of the Mesozoic granitoids in the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area, Tengchong terrane, Yunnan province: evidence from petrology, geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology

The Mangzhang-Jiucheng granitoids of the Tengchong Terrane offers critical insights into the Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of the eastern Tethyan Tectonic Domain. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb geochronology identifies two emplacement phases at 210.6–207.1 Ma and 121.4–118.7 Ma, recording Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous magmatic events with Ti-in-zircon crystallization temperatures of 531 °C–720 °C and 582 °C–816 °C, respectively. Geochemically, both the Late Triassic and the Early Cretaceous granitoids belong to acidic, peraluminous, exhibiting pronounced enrichment in LREE and large-ion lithophile elements (Rb, Th, U, La, Ce, Zr and Hf) and conspicuous depletion in high-field-strength elements (Nb and Ti) together with Sr, Ba and HREE. The Late Triassic granitoids exhibit S-type affinity, indicating that magma may source from meta-sedimentary materials. The Early Cretaceous granitoids exhibit predominantly S-type affinities and are derived from metasedimentary sources, and may have formed in volcanic-arc (VAG), syn-collisional (syn-COLG), or within-plate (WPG) tectonic settings. The Late Triassic granitoids may be related to the accretion of the Tengchong Terrane and the Indochina Block upon closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean (PTO), whereas Early Cretaceous granitoids may link to the subduction of the Meso-Tethys Ocean (MTO), accompanied by slab rollback, break-off and asthenospheric upwelling that associate with the final suturing of the MTO.

1 Introduction

The Eastern Tethyan Tectonic Domain (ETTD), lying between the Eurasian and Indian Plates, has undergone a continuous and intricate geodynamic evolution over an interval of about 400 Ma (Metcalfe, 2013; Metcalfe, 2021). The ETTD hosts extensive mineral and hydrocarbon deposits, while the cyclical opening and closing of the Tethys Ocean exerted profound influences on global environmental conditions and biotic evolution (Li et al., 2018a). Within this domain, micro-continental terranes such as the Himalayan, Songpan-Ganzi, Lhasa, and Qiangtang blocks have exerted a pivotal role throughout Earth’s history. Examining the provenance and accretion of these terranes is indispensable not only for reconstructing the closing of the Tethys Ocean and the amalgamation of the Eurasian continent but also for elucidating fundamental plate-tectonic and geodynamic mechanisms (Mi et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2025).

As a critical fragment of the ETTD, the Tengchong Terrane’s tectonic history from the Permian to the Cretaceous (ca. 300–100 Ma) has been in disputes (Yang et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2025). Some researchers highlight parallel Permian fossil assemblages and Triassic magmatism in the Tengchong and Sibumasu blocks, and suggest that the South-Qiangtang, Tengchong, and Sibumasu terranes rifted from Gondwana in the Early Permian with the genesis of the Meso-Tethys Ocean (MTO). And these fragments are then thought to have accreted to the Indochina and North-Qiangtang terranes during the Late Triassic, ultimately docking along the Eurasian margin in the Early Cretaceous (Metcalfe, 2013; Metcalfe, 2021; Deng et al., 2014a; Deng et al., 2014b; Fang et al., 2018; Cao et al., 2019). Other studies focused on the Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous granitoid emplacement interpret the Tengchong Terrane as the southern prolongation of the Lhasa block, driven by southward subduction of the MTO and a concurrent collision with northern Australia during the Triassic (Xie et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2018a; Qi et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2022).

Early Cretaceous magmatisms in Tengchong Terrane have been variably suggested as follows: (1) the flat subduction of distal Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere (Cong et al., 2011a; Cong et al., 2011b); (2) post-collisional arc systems linked to the subduction of the MTO crust (Zhu et al., 2015b; Zhu et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2016; Qi et al., 2020). The geological environments of Late Cretaceous magmatic event are also debated, interpreted as (1) extensional setting (Chen et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2017). Analysis indicates three episodes of elevated magma addition migrating westward during ca. 131–111 Ma, ca. 76–64 Ma, and ca. 55–49 Ma (Xu et al., 2012; Qi et al., 2015). Notably, the Early Cenozoic (55–49 Ma) magmatic event is widely interpreted as the consequence of slab break-off subsequent to the initial India-Asia collision (Cao et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2022).

Considering investigations of the Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous granitoids in the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area, a key part of the Tengchong Terrane, are scarce, which limits our understanding of the region’s Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution (Figure 1). This study focuses on Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous granitoids from the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area of Tengchong Terrane. Integrated field geological mapping, petrographic analysis, and zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology were employed. These combined methods are intended to enrich the igneous data for the Late Triassic and the Early Cretaceous magmatic events and to advance our understanding of the southeastern ETTD’s Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution.

Figure 1

Figure 1. (a) Generalized main continental blocks in the eastern Tethyan tectonic domain and the positions of the Tengchong Terrane (modified after Chung et al., 2005; Chapman et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2022). (b) Schematic regional geological map of the Tengchong area illustrating the distribution of the Mesozoic igneous rocks (modified after Xu et al., 2015; Cao et al., 2016; Cao et al. 2017a; Cao et al. 2019; Xie et al., 2016; Qi et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2022; Li et al., 2012a; Zhao et al., 2025; Mo et al., 2025).

2 Geological setting

Located at the southeastern extension of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (Figure 1a), the Tengchong Terrane is bounded on the east by the Gaoligong shear zone which demarcates it from the Baoshan Terrane, and on the west by the Myitkyina suture zone which links it to the Burma Terrane (Figure 1b). The Neoproterozoic Gaoligong Group, the Terrane’s oldest unit, comprises biotite-plagioclase gneiss, granite gneiss, migmatite, mica-quartz schist, marble, and quartzite (Deng et al., 2014a; Yang et al., 2025; Zhao et al., 2025). Carboniferous to Lower Permian successions comprise moraine, sandstone, and limestone deposits. No lithologies from the Upper Permian through Lower Triassic have been identified, and the Middle to Upper Triassic strata were angularly unconformable with older formations (Zhu et al., 2018a). Jurassic strata are absent, and Cretaceous strata is restricted in limited areas with rock-type of reddish sandstone (Yang et al., 2025).

The Tengchong Terrane hosts a considerable suite of Mesozoic igneous lithologies, and the Triassic intrusions crop out in its central and western sectors (Xie et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2018a). Jurassic magmatism is recorded in the southern and central sectors, comprising Early Jurassic granites and ultramafic sequences of mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB) and supra-subduction zone (SSZ) affinities in the Santaishan and Yingjiang areas (Zhu et al., 2018b; Cao et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2022). The Cretaceous igneous rocks are extensively exposed in the southeastern and northern regions of Tengchong Terrane (Xu et al., 2012; Xie et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2016; Fang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018a; Cao et al., 2019). Early Cretaceous granites show transitions from I-type in the south to S-type in the north (Yang et al., 2024). Late Cretaceous granitoids (77–66 Ma) in the center of the Terrane are dominated by S-type or A-type granitoids (Xu et al., 2012; Ma et al., 2013; Deng et al., 2014a; 2014b; Wang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015). Early Cenozoic (65–50 Ma) intrusions in the western domain predominantly belong to I-type and S-type granites (Xu et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2014; Qi et al., 2015; Xie et al., 2016).

The study area is situated in Mangzhang-Jiucheng Town, approximately 50 km southwest of Tengchong City, within the Tengchong Terrane (Figure 1b). The stratigraphic succession in the study area primarily comprises Neoproterozoic and Devonian units (Figure 2). The Neoproterozoic succession comprises metamorphosed sandstone, quartz-rich sandstone, gravelly argillaceous slate, silty sericite slate, granulite, sericite phyllite, two-mica phyllite, two-mica schist, two-mica quartz schist, and biotite-plagioclase gneiss. Devonian deposits consist of limestone, argillaceous silty slate, sericite slate, quartz wacke, quartz sandstone, sericite phyllite, and two-mica phyllite. Late Triassic granitoids are mainly distributed in the southeastern sector of the study area and comprise granite, biotite monzogranite, granodiorite, and tonalite. The dominant structural trend of the study area is NE-oriented. Early Cretaceous granitoids are predominantly exposed in the northern part of the study area and consist of biotite monzogranite, granodiorite, and diorite. Middle Paleogene granitoids are widely distributed in the study area and include monzogranite, alkali-feldspar granite, potassic granite, and granite porphyry. Upper Pliocene intermediate–basic extrusive rocks comprise andesite, basaltic andesite, dacite, and tuff.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Geological sketch map of the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area (modified after YIGS, 2020). 1. Quaternary alluvial and proluvial deposits; 2. Devonian strata; 3. Neoproterozoic Strata; 4. Upper Pliocene intermediate-basic extrusive rocks; 5. Middle Paleogene granitoids; 6. Lower Paleogene diorites; 7. Late Cretaceous granitoids; 8. Late Jurassic hornblende pyroxenite; 9. Late Triassic granitoids; 10. Rivers; 11. Village/Town; 12. Sampling locations.

This study investigates Early Cretaceous and Late Triassic granitoids from the northwestern and southeastern sectors of the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area (Figure 2). Five representative samples were collected for comprehensive petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic geochronological analyses. Detailed sampling information, including rock types, GPS coordinates, and mineral assemblages, is provided in Supplementary Table S1.

3 Analytical methods

3.1 Geochemical analysis

Geochemical analyses were conducted at the Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey to determine the major and trace element compositions of granitoids. Major Elements of SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O and P₂O₅ were determined based on the method described by GB/T 14506.28-2010, using instrument of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (Model ZSX Primus IIX). The FeO content was determined by titration method (a wet chemical procedure). H₂O⁺ and H₂O⁻ were were determined based on the method described by DZG 20.01-91 and GB/T 14506-2010, using instrument of Electronic Balance (Model BP221S). CO₂ was determined based on the method described by DZG 20.01-91, using High-Frequency Infrared Carbon-Sulfur Analyzer. The accuracy and precision for the major elements are better than ±5%. Trace elements of REEs, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sc, Sr, Ta, Th, U, V, Zn and Hf were determined based on the method described by GB/T 17417.1-2010 and YDS-ZY-06-2015, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (Model XSERIES2). During testing, reference materials of BCR-2, GSP-2, BHVO-2 and AGV-2 are used for calibration and quality control. The accuracy and precision for trace elements are better than ±10%. Trace element concentrations were normalized to chondritic and primitive mantle values following the methodology of Sun and McDonough (1989). Detailed results of major and trace element analysis are shown in Supplementary Table S2, S3.

3.2 Zircon U–Pb dating and trace element analysis

Zircon U–Pb dating of sample PM007-40-1, PM007-41-1, D9402-1-1 and D9413-1-1 were conducted at Hubei Geological Research Laboratory, Hubei Provincial Geological Experiment and Testing Center, China. Laser sampling was performed using a GeolasPro laser ablation system comprising a COMPexPro 102 ArF excimer laser (wavelength of 193 nm, maximum energy of 258 mJ) and a MicroLas optical system. Ion-signal intensities were acquired with an Agilent 7700X ICP-MS instrument. In this study, the laser spot size was set to 32 μm, and the zircon 91,500 was used as the external calibration standard, each analysis included a background acquisition period of approximately 20 s to measure the gas blank, followed by 40 s of data acquisition from the sample. The trace element compositions of zircon were calibrated using NIST 610 glass as an external calibration. Data reduction was performed offline using the Excel-based software ICP-MS-DataCal 10.1, which facilitates the selection and integration of background and analytical signals, time-drift correction, and quantitative calibration for trace element analysis and U–Pb dating. Concordia diagrams and weighted mean age calculations were generated using Isoplot/Ex version 3.0 (Ludwig, 2003). Zircon U–Pb dating of sample PM017-31-1 was conducted at Wuhan Sample Solution Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China, detailed methods were described by Hu et al. (2015), Zong et al. (2017) and Hu et al. (2021). A total of 117 spots were analyzed across five samples (PM007-40-1, PM007-41-1, PM017-31-1, D9402-1-1 and D9413-1-1) with ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages (Supplementary Table S4). Ti-in-zircon thermometry was calculated using the calibration of Ferry and Watson (2007) (Supplementary Table S5).

4 Results

4.1 Petrography characteristics

The Late Triassic granitoids of sample PM017-31-1, D9402-1-1 and D9413-1-1 show medium-coarse grain (100–20000 μm in length) texture, gneissic or massive structure (Figures 3a–c), with mineral assemblages of Qz (25–40 vol%), Pl (20–50 vol%), Kfs (10–30 vol%), Bt (1–6 vol%), Amp(0–2 vol%), Mag (1–5 vol%), Ap (<1 vol%) and Zrn(<1 vol%). The Early Cretaceous granitoids of sample PM007-40-1 and PM007-41-1 exhibit medium-fine grain (300–1,600 μm in length) texture and massive structure (Figures 3d–i), with mineral assemblages of Qz (25–40 vol%), Pl (20–30 vol%), Kfs (20–35 vol%), Bt (2–10 vol%), Mag (1–8 vol%), Ap (<1 vol%) and Zrn(<1 vol%).

Figure 3

Figure 3. Field Photos and representative photomicrographs of the granitoids for sample PM017-31-1 (a–c), PM007-40-1 (d–f) and PM007-41-1 (g–i) (a–c) in the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area. All the photomicrographs are taken under plane-polarized light. Qz-quartz, Kfs-potassium feldspar, Pl-plagioclase, Bt-biotite, Amp-plagioclase, Zrn-zircon.

4.2 Geochemical features

The Late Triassic granitoids of sample PM017-31-1, D9402-1-1 and D9413-1-1 exhibit SiO₂ contents ranging from 66.68 wt% to 75.25 wt%. In the Al₂O₃ vs. TiO₂ discrimination diagram, these samples also fall within the field of acidic igneous rocks (Figure 4a). In the Na₂O + K₂O vs. SiO₂ diagram, they also plot in the granite or granodiorite fields (Figure 4b). In the K₂O vs. SiO₂ diagram, they also plot in the calc-alkaline and high K calc-alkaline fields (Figure 4c). The A/NK ratios of the Late Triassic granitoids range from 1.36 to 1.66 with A/CNK values from 1.15 to 1.25 (Supplementary Table S2), indicating peraluminous characteristics (Figure 4d). The Rittmann index (σ43) varies between 1.80 and 2.11 (Supplementary Table S2), classifying these rocks as calc-alkaline granitoids. The total rare earth element (ΣREE) concentrations of the Late Triassic granitoids range from 130 to 248 ppm. Their LREE/HREE ratios vary between 5.0 and 14.7, while La_N/Yb_N ratios range from 4.7 to 27.5. The δEu and δCe values range from 0.42 to 0.61 and 0.86 to 1.03, respectively (Supplementary Table S3). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns exhibit uniformly right-sloping trends with noticeable negative Eu anomalies (Figure 5a). Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams display significant enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs: Rb), radiogenic elements (Th, U), and magmaphile elements (La, Ce, Zr, Hf). There are also marked negative anomalies in high-field-strength elements (HFSEs: Nb, Ti) and some LILEs (Ba, Sr) (Figure 5b).

Figure 4

Figure 4. Discrimination diagram of parental magma of granitoids in the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area. (a) TiO₂ versus Al₂O₃ diagram (after Hayashi et al., 1997; He et al., 2014); (b) Na₂O + K₂O versus SiO₂ diagram (after Middlemost, 1994); (c) K₂O versus SiO₂ diagram (after Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976); (d) A/CNK versus A/NK diagram showing peraluminous affinities (after Chappell and White, 1974).

Figure 5

Figure 5. Chondrite-normalized REE and primitive-mantle-normalized trace element patterns for the Late Triassic granitoids (a,b) and the Early Cretaceous granitoids (c,d) from the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area. The values for chondrite and primitive mantle are from (Sun and McDonough, 1989). Data of 225–195 Ma granitoids are from (Shi et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2018a; Wang et al., 2022). Data of 130–109 Ma granitoids are from (Yang et al., 2006; Cong et al., 2011a; Qi et al., 2011; Li et al., 2012b; Luo et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2014; Cao et al., 2019; Ma, 2014; Zhu et al., 2015b; Zhu et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2017b; Zhu et al., 2018b; Yu, 2016; Zhao et al., 2016; Fang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018a; Zhang et al., 2018b; Qi et al., 2019; Zhou, 2019; He et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022; Mo et al., 2025).

The Early Cretaceous granitoids of sample PM007-40-1 and PM007-41-1 exhibit SiO₂ contents ranging from 66.25 wt% to 74.31 wt%. In the Al₂O₃ vs. TiO₂ discrimination diagram, these samples fall within the field of acidic igneous rocks (Figure 4a). In the Na₂O + K₂O vs. SiO₂ diagram, they plot in the granite or granodiorite fields (Figure 4b). In the K₂O vs. SiO₂ diagram, they also plot in the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite fields (Figure 4c). The A/NK ratios of the Early Cretaceous granitoids range from 1.29 to 2.10 with A/CNK values from 1.22 to 1.26 (Supplementary Table S2), indicating peraluminous characteristics (Figure 4d). The Rittmann index (σ43) varies between 1.51 and 2.39 (Supplementary Table S2), classifying these rocks as calc-alkaline granitoids. The total rare earth element (ΣREE) concentrations of the Early Cretaceous granitoids range from 127 to 228 ppm. Their LREE/HREE ratios vary between 6.6 and 11.1, while La_N/Yb_N ratios range from 7.1 to 13.4. The δEu and δCe values range from 0.29 to 0.70 and 0.99 to 1.02, respectively (Supplementary Table S3). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns exhibit uniformly right-sloping trends with noticeable negative Eu anomalies (Figure 5c). Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams display significant enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs: Rb), radiogenic elements (Th, U), and magmaphile elements (La, Ce, Zr, Hf). There are also marked negative anomalies in high-field-strength elements (HFSEs: Nb, Ti) and some LILEs (Ba, Sr) (Figure 5d).

4.3 Zircon U–Pb geochronology

Zircon grains from sample PM017-31-1 are predominantly euhedral prismatic. Their lengths range from 110 to 210 μm (rarely exceeding 210 μm) and aspect ratios from 1.5:1 to 4:1. Zircons show dark CL images with distinct oscillatory (Figure 6a). All the analytical spots yield Th and U concentrations of 70.6–290.2 ppm and 357.7–2023.3 ppm, respectively, with Th/U ratios of 0.14–0.75 (Supplementary Table S4). These zircons display a chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) pattern characterized by light REE (LREE) depletion, heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, and pronounced negative δEu anomalies (Figure 7a). The magmatic zircons yield U–Pb ages of 206–212 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 209.2 ± 0.9 Ma (MSWD = 1.9, n = 25; Supplementary Table S4; Figure 7a). This age is interpreted as the crystallization age of the gneissic granodiorite.

Figure 6

Figure 6. Cathodoluminescence images labeled with ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of the zircons separated from granitoids of sample PM017-31-1 (a), sample D9402-1-1 (b), sample D9413-1-1 (c), sample PM007-40-1 (d)and sample PM007-41-1 (e). The numbers in the red circle are the analytical spot symbols, the red numbers are the respective ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages, and the red circle represents 32 μm.

Figure 7

Figure 7. Concordia diagrams, chondrite-normalized rare-earth element patterns, and histograms of Early Late Triassic ages for the magmatic zircons from sample PM017-31-1 (a), sample D9402-1-1 (b,c)and sample D9413-1-1 (d). Chondrite values are from Sun and McDonough (1989).

Due to significant radiogenic Pb loss, spot 20 of sample D9402-1-1 was excluded (Supplementary Table S4). Spots of 02, 11and 13 show ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 492–473 Ma with U concentrations of 556.3–1952.9 ppm, and spot 22 show ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 862 Ma with U concentrations of 2,217.6 ppm, are interpreted as inherited zircons (Figure 7b). The other zircons exhibit dark CL images, short prisms (100–160 μm in length, with aspect ratios of 2:1 to 3:1 and U concentrations of 863.4–6,562.7 ppm). These zircons yield magmatic U–Pb ages of 199–213 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 207.1 ± 2.2 Ma (MSWD = 1.5, n = 17; Supplementary Table S4; Figure 7c), interpreted as the crystallization age of the granite.

Zircons from sample D9413-1-1 are predominantly subhedral prismatic crystals, with minor irregular grains. Grain lengths range from 140 to 190 μm, with aspect ratios of 1:1 to 3:1. CL imaging shows dark CL images, well-developed oscillatory zoning with U concentrations of 990.5–5,677.5 ppm (Figure 6c). Due to significant radiogenic Pb loss, spots 2, 13 and 16 were excluded (Supplementary Table S4). The other spots yield U–Pb ages of 208–217 Ma, with a concordia weighted mean age of 210.4 ± 0.8 Ma (MSWD = 0.39) and weighted mean age of 210.6 ± 1.5 Ma (MSWD = 0.36, n = 23; Supplementary Table S4; Figure 7d), representing the crystallization age of the granite.

Zircons from sample PM007-40-1 are predominantly euhedral to subhedral prismatic or pyramidal crystals, with rare irregular grains. Grain lengths range from 100 to 270 μm (rarely exceeding 270 μm), with aspect ratios of 1:1 to 3:1. CL imaging shows dark CL images and well-developed oscillatory zoning (Figure 6d). Due to significant radiogenic Pb loss, spots 5 and 9 were excluded (Supplementary Table S4). Spot 10 which has ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 372 Ma, shows light CL image with U concentrations of 289.9 ppm, LREE depletion, HREE enrichment, and no negative δEu anomalies, is interpreted as the inherited zircon (Supplementary Table S4). The other spots yield Th and U concentrations of 47.8–366.9 ppm and 8,295.7–30744.0 ppm, respectively, with Th/U ratios of 0.00–0.02 (Supplementary Table S4). Their REE patterns exhibit LREE depletion, HREE enrichment, and marked negative δEu anomalies (Figure 8a). The magmatic zircons yield U–Pb ages of 108–131 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 121.4 ± 1.9 Ma (MSWD = 3.2, n = 24; Supplementary Table S4; Figure 8b), representing the crystallization age of the granite.

Figure 8

Figure 8. Concordia diagrams, chondrite-normalized rare-earth element patterns, and histograms of Early Cretaceous ages for the magmatic zircons from sample PM007-40-1 (a,b) and sample PM007-40-1 (c,d). Chondrite values are from Sun and McDonough (1989).

Due to significant radiogenic Pb loss, spot 1 of sample PM007-41-1 was excluded (Supplementary Table S4). Zircons from sample PM007-41-1 are divided into two groups. Group 1 (including spots 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25 and 28) exhibits moderate CL images, predominantly elongated prisms (100–240 μm in length, with aspect ratios of 2:1 to 7:1). Their REE patterns show LREE depletion, HREE enrichment, and strong negative δEu anomalies (Figure 8c). Th and U concentrations range from 80.0 to 528.8 ppm and 143.8–954.9 ppm, respectively, with Th/U ratios of 0.09–1.91. These zircons yield magmatic U–Pb ages of 138–149 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 140.6 ± 2.1 Ma (MSWD = 1.2, n = 11; Supplementary Table S4; Figure 8c), interpreted as captured zircons from an older magmatic source. Group 2 (including spots 24, 26, 27 and 30; Supplementary Table S4) displays moderate-dark CL images, with grain lengths of 100–200 μm and aspect ratios of 2:1 to 3:1. Their REE patterns also show LREE depletion, HREE enrichment, and negative δEu anomalies (Figure 8d). Th and U concentrations range from 125.3 to 576.3 ppm and 482.9–2,635.2 ppm, respectively, with Th/U ratios of 0.07–1.02. These magmatic zircons yield U–Pb ages of 118–120 Ma, with a weighted mean age of 118.7 ± 2.3 Ma (MSWD = 0.06, n = 4; Supplementary Table S4; Figure 8d), representing the crystallization age of the granodiorite.

5 Discussion

5.1 Mesozoic magmatism in Tengchong terrane

The Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tengchong Terrane constitute a crucial stage in the Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of the southeastern ETTD (Figure 9). Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of the Mangzhang-Jiucheng granitoids yields crystallization ages of 210.6–207.1 Ma and to 121.4–118.7 Ma, consistent with Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous magmatic events documented in the Tengchong Terrane (Cao et al., 2017b; Cao et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2022; Yang et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2025; Mo et al., 2025). Coexisting intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks have been identified across the Tengchong Terrane.

Figure 9

Figure 9. Histogram of reported magmatic zircon ages from the Tengchong Terrane. Data sourced from the same as Figure 1b.

To the west, south, and southeast of the study area, intrusive suites of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic age, including diorite, granite, monzogranite, and two-mica granite, have been dated to 186–263 Ma (Cong et al., 2010; Li et al., 2010; Li et al., 2011; Zou et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2013; Xie et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2024).

To the east and southeast of the study area, intrusive rocks encompassing monzogranite, quartz monzonite, syenite, quartz diorite, syenogranite, granodiorite, granite, and rhyolite have been dated to 104–130 Ma (Cong et al., 2011a; Qi et al., 2015; Li et al., 2012a; Xu et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2014; Cao et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2014; Xie et al., 2016; Yu, 2016; Zhu et al., 2018a; Zhu et al., 2018b; Zhou, 2019; Qi et al., 2020; Mo et al., 2025).

5.2 Petrogenesis

Previous studies indicate that Mesozoic granitic rocks in the Tengchong Terrane are predominantly I-type, including highly fractionated variants, with subordinate S-type affinities (Xie et al., 2016; Fang et al., 2018; Cao et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2025). On I-type and S-type granite discrimination diagrams, the Mangzhang-Jiucheng granitoids plot across both I-type and S-type fields (Figure 10). The Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous granitoids in this study exhibit (high-K) calc-alkaline peraluminous characteristics (Figure 4), and show strong light REE enrichment, heavy REE depletion and pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Figure 5), these features align with other Mesozoic granitoids reported in the Tengchong Terrane (Figure 5), thus the Late Triassic and Early Cretaceous granitoids in this study are more likely belong to (high-K) calc-alkaline peraluminous I-type or S-type granite and may relate to the process of plagioclase-fractional-dominated crystallization.

Figure 10

Figure 10. I-type, S-type and A-type granite discrimination diagram for the granitoids from the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area. (a) Zn versus 10,000 × Ga/Al diagram (after Whalen et al., 1987); (b) Zr versus 10,000 × Ga/Al diagram (after Whalen et al., 1987).

In the Rb/Sr versus Rb/Ba diagram (Figure 11d), Al₂O₃/(Fe₂O₃ + MgO + TiO₂) versus Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃ + MgO + TiO₂ diagram (Figure 11e) and (Na₂O + K₂O)/(Fe₂O₃ + MgO + TiO₂) versus Na₂O + K₂O + Fe₂O₃ + MgO + TiO₂ diagram (Figure 11f), samples of PM007-40-1 and D9402-1-1 plot within Calculated pelite-derived melt and metagreywackes, sample PM017-31-1 plot within basalt and amphibolites, samples of PM007-41-1 and D9413-1-1 plot within greywacke, shale and amphibolites. Sample PM017-31-1 has mineral Amp in its mineral assemblages of Qz + Pl + Kfs + Bt + Amp + Mag + Ap + Zrn, and no inherited zircon was observed with A/CNK value of 1.15, thus it may belong to S-type granite. Samples PM007-40-1 and D9402-1-1 exhibit relatively higher A/CNK values of 1.22 and 1.17 and contain inherited zircons with ages of 372 Ma, 862 Ma, and 492–473 Ma, while samples PM007-41-1 and D9413-1-1 display high-K calc-alkaline and peraluminous characteristics with inherited zircons of 162 Ma and 140.6 Ma observed in PM007-41-1, suggesting that all these samples may belong to S-type granite. This suggests meta-sedimentary source may contribute to the formation of the Late Triassic granitoidsand the Early Cretaceous granitoids in the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area.

Figure 11

Figure 11. The discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting. (a) Rb vs. Nb + Y, (b) Rb vs. Yb + Ta and (c) Nb vs. Y discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting (after Pearce et al., 1984). (d) Rb/Ba vs. Rb/Sr discrimination diagram for the granitoids from the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area (after Sylvester, 1998). (e) Al₂O₃/(Fe₂O₃ + MgO + TiO₂) vs. Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃ + MgO + TiO₂ discrimination diagram of magmatic source for the granitoids from the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area (after Rapp et al., 1991; Rapp and Watson, 1995; Hui et al., 2025). (f) (Na₂O + K₂O)/(Fe₂O₃ + MgO + TiO₂) vs. Na₂O + K₂O + Fe₂O₃ + MgO + TiO₂ discrimination diagram of magmatic source for the granitoids from the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area (after Rapp et al., 1991; Rapp and Watson, 1995; Hui et al., 2025). WPG = within-plate granite, VAG = volcanic-arc granite, post-COLG = post-collision granite, syn-COLG = syn-collisional granite, ORG = oceanic-ridge granite. Data of 225–195 Ma granitoids and Data of 130–109 Ma granitoids are from the same as Figure 5.

The southeastern Mangzhang-Jiucheng granitoids yield zircon crystallization ages of 210.6–207.1 and Ti-in-Zircon equilibrium temperatures ranging from 531 °C to 720 °C (average = 643 °C), corresponding to Late Triassic magmatism in the Tengchong Terrane (Figures 7, 12). The northern Mangzhang-Jiucheng granitoids yield zircon crystallization ages of 121.4–118.7 Ma and Ti-in-Zircon equilibrium temperatures ranging from 582 °C to 816 °C (average = 693 °C), corresponding to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tengchong Terrane (Figures 8, 12). Previous studies indicate that zircon saturation temperatures associated with Late Triassic and Early Jurassic magmatism (Ti-in-Zircon <750 °C) are substantially lower than those of Early Cretaceous magmatism (Ti-in-Zircon >800 °C) in the Tengchong Terrane, which aligns with the results in this study (Yang et al., 2024).

Figure 12

Figure 12. Ti-in-Zircon (Tzr) temperatures of magmatic zircons from the granitoids of the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area (The Ti-in-Zircon temperatures are calculated based on Ferry and Watson, 2007).

5.3 Tectonic significance

The Permian-Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Tengchong Terrane and its adjacent areas of Paleo-Tethys Ocean (PTO) and Meso-Tethys Ocean (MTO, has been progressively debated and constrained though decades of multidisciplinary research (Yang et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2025 and references therein).

We have summarized the tectonic Evolution of the PTO as follows. (1) The initial subduction of the west part of PTO likely commenced during the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous (382–359 Ma), as recorded by the discovery of Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous (382–359 Ma) island arc-type magmatic rocks in central Qiangtang, northern Tibet (Zhai et al., 2024 and references therein). Whereas, the initial subduction of the PTO beneath the Tengchong Terrane may occur during the Early Permian (Yang et al., 2025). (2) The main subduction stage of the PTO in the Tengchong Terrane likely took place from 250 to 230 Ma (Yang et al., 2024). Evidence includes the significant occurrence of dioritic magmatism at approximately 245–243 Ma (Huang et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2021) and adakitic magmatism at approximately 238–236 Ma (Peng et al., 2023) in the western part of the Tengchong Terrane. (3) The collision, closure, and slab break-off stage of the PTO in the Tengchong Terrane occurred from 230 to 200 Ma. Evidence comes from the formation of granites at 218.5 Ma, 218 Ma, and 213 Ma in the Lianghe area of the Tengchong Terrane (Cong et al., 2010; Shi et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2018a). These granite samples are characterized by high SiO₂ contents, high-K calc-alkaline affinity with peraluminous S-type granite signatures. Zircon ε_Hf(t) values range from −4.7 to −10.8, indicating that these S-type granites were derived from partial melting of Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic crustal sediments (Cong et al., 2010; Shi et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2018a). Therefore, the period from 230 to 200 Ma, particularly the Late Triassic peak of collision, represents the most probable timing for slab break-off of the PTO. (4) The post-collisional stage of the PTO in the Tengchong Terrane may span from 200 to 180 Ma (Yang et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2025 and references therein). Magmatic activity during this period in the Tengchong Terrane was concentrated in the Lianghe area, with exposed granite ages of approximately 185.6 Ma, 198 Ma, and 195.5 Ma (Zhu et al., 2018a; Cao et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2022). These granites exhibit high SiO₂ contents, high-K calc-alkaline characteristics, and peraluminous features. The widespread absence of Jurassic strata in the Tengchong Terrane suggests possible regional uplift and erosion (Zhang et al., 2018a). In summary, the 200–180 Ma granites in the Tengchong region formed in a syn-collisional or post-collisional tectonic setting (Zhu et al., 2018a; Cao et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2022).

On tectonic discrimination diagrams, the Late Triassic granitoids from the Mangzhang-Jiucheng area plot within the volcanic-arc granite (VAG) and syn-collisional granite (syn-COLG) fields (Pearce et al., 1984; Sylvester, 1998), align with other 225–195 Ma granitoids reported in the Tengchong Terrane (Figures 11a–c; Shi et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2018a; Wang et al., 2022), indicating a compressional magmatic-arc orogenic belt environment (Figure 11). The Late Triassic magmatism in the Tengchong Terrane may have formed in a syn-collisional or post-collisional tectonic setting associated with the collision between the Tengchong Terrane and the Indochina Block (Yang et al., 2024).

The tectonic Evolution of the MTO were summarized as follows. (1) The initial subduction of the Meso-Tethys Ocean likely began between 200 and 180 Ma, following the collision of the Tengchong Terrane with Eurasia (Yang et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2025). (2) The main subduction stage of the Meso-Tethys Ocean in the Tengchong Terrane likely occurred from 180 to 130 Ma (Yang et al., 2024). Evidence includes the discovery of ultramafic rocks in the northern Yingjiang areas (183.7–182.0 Ma) of the Tengchong Terrane, with magmatic zircon exhibiting significantly positive ε_Hf(t) values (between 3 and 14), indicating that the formation of these ultramafic rocks is related to the subduction of the MTO (Liu et al., 2023). Zhai et al. (2024) proposed that the subduction of the MTO, along with the collision between the Amdo microcontinent and the South Qiangtang Block, led to crustal thickening of the Amdo microcontinent. Subsequently, partial melting of the asthenosphere resulted in the formation of MORB-like gabbros (182–175 Ma) (Zhai et al., 2024). The northward (eastward) subduction of the MTO formed SSZ-type ultramafic rocks in the Santaishan area (190.5–186.2 Ma). Therefore, prior subduction and prolonged collision caused crustal thickening. Subsequent gravitational instability led to the detachment of the thickened crust, inducing upwelling of asthenospheric material, and ultimately forming MORB-type ultramafic rocks in the northern Yingjiang area. (3) The collision, closure, and slab break-off stage of the MTO in the Tengchong Terrane may occur from 130 to 110 Ma (Yang et al., 2024 and references therein). In the eastern Lianghe area of the Tengchong Terrane, numerous granites with metaluminous to peraluminous characteristics developed between 130 and 111 Ma, exhibiting high-K calc-alkaline features in the northern part and medium-K calc-alkaline features in the southern part. Most of these granites show a clear I-type granite trend, while a few samples with S-type granite trends were found in the northern part of the Tengchong Terrane (Fang et al., 2018; Cao et al., 2019). Mafic enclaves within the Cretaceous granites were observed in the southern and northern parts of the Tengchong Terrane indicate that mantle-derived magmatism may have gradually increased during the Early Cretaceous magmatic activity (Cong et al., 2011a; Xie et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2017; Fang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018b; Zhang et al., 2023; Qi et al., 2019). The Early Cretaceous magmatic activity in the Tengchong Terrane was likely the result of combined subduction and closure of the MTO. Subduction of the MTO mainly occurred in the southern region, accompanied by slab rollback, while collision occurred in the northern region, accompanied by slab break-off. The overall tectonic characteristics during this period reflect a scissor-like closure of the MTO from north to south (Yang et al., 2024).

The Early Cretaceous granitoids in this study plot within the volcanic-arc granite (VAG), syn-collisional granite (syn-COLG) and within-plate granite (WPG) fields (Pearce et al., 1984; Sylvester, 1998), align with other130–109 Ma granitoids reported in the Tengchong Terrane (Figures 11a–c; Yang et al., 2006; Cong et al., 2011a; Qi et al., 2011; Li et al., 2012b; Luo et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2014; Cao et al., 2019; Ma, 2014; Zhu et al., 2015b; Zhu et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2017b; Zhu et al., 2018b; Yu, 2016; Zhao et al., 2016; Fang et al., 2018; Zhang, 2018a; Zhang et al., 2018b; Qi et al., 2019; Zhou, 2019; He et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022; Mo X et al., 2025), indicating a compressional-dominated tectonic environment (Figure 11). Considering that the MTO existed between the Tengchong and Burma Terranes and remained exist from 130 to 111 Ma (Fang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018b; Cao et al., 2019), it is therefore unlikely that Early Cretaceous magmatism resulted from Neo-Tethyan subduction or was influenced by southward (westward) MTO subduction. Bimodal volcanic rocks of ca. 120 Ma, formed in a back-arc basin system, have been discovered in the Baoshan Terrane, indicating that a magmatic arc may have been active in the Tengchong Terrane (Zhang et al., 2022). Furthermore, previous studies indicate that the collision between the Burma Terrane and the Tengchong Terrane may have occurred during the Cretaceous (Liu et al., 2016; Fang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018b; Cao et al., 2019). Accordingly, we propose that collision between the Tengchong Terrane and the Indochina Block may have triggered Late Triassic magmatism, whereas the scissor-like north-to-south closure of the MTO may have driven Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tengchong Terrane (Yang et al., 2024).

In summary, the Late Triassic granitoid emplacement was driven by the amalgamation of the Tengchong Terrane and the Indochina Block. Early Cretaceous granitoid magmatism is interpreted to reflect subduction-related processes such as slab rollback, slab break-off, and associated asthenospheric upwelling that linked to the MTO, and may coincide with its final closure through the collision and amalgamation of the Burma Terrane and the Tengchong Terrane (Figure 13).

Figure 13

Figure 13. Conceptual frameworks illustrating the Early-Middle Triassic (a), Late Triassic (b) and Early Cretaceous (c) geodynamic evolution of the Tengchong Terrane (modified after Yang et al., 2024). TC: Tengchong Terrane, BS: Baoshan terrane, PTO: Paleo-Tethys Ocean, BM: Burma terrane, NTO: Neo-Tethys Ocean, MTO: Meso-Tethys Ocean.

6 Conclusion

1. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology yields crystallization ages of 210.6–207.1 Ma and 121.4–118.7 Ma for the Mangzhang-Jiucheng granitoids, corresponding to the Late Triassic and the Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tengchong Terrane, respectively.

2. The Mangzhang-Jiucheng granitoids exhibit pronounced negative Eu anomalies and thus likely record a plagioclase-dominated fractional-crystallization process. Among these granitoids, the Late Triassic granitoids were likely derived from metasedimentary materials and may belong to S-type granites, and the Early Cretaceous granitoids were probably derived from metasedimentary sources and are classified as S-type granites.

3. The Late Triassic magmatism likely reflects amalgamation of the Tengchong Terrane and the Indochina Block, whereas Early Cretaceous granitoids likely formed in syn-COLG, VAG or WPG settings associated with MTO subduction, slab rollback, slab break-off, asthenospheric upwelling, and final ocean closure.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Author contributions

WL: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. JW: Methodology, Writing – original draft. YR: Writing – review and editing. CG: Data curation, Writing – review and editing. YS: Funding acquisition, Writing – review and editing. GC: Writing – review and editing. YL: Investigation, Writing – review and editing. JW: Investigation, Writing – review and editing. XL: Investigation, Writing – review and editing. XW: Investigation, Writing – review and editing. XK: Writing – review and editing, Funding acquisition, Supervision. XM: Writing – review and editing, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition.

Funding

The authors declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Ordos Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research Innovation Project (grant numbers: KYQB25Z013 and KYQN25Z030), Ordos Mining Area Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironmental Protection Engineering Research Center (grant number: RZ2300001544), Planning and Management of Paleontological Fossil Conservation in Yunnan Province (Project Number: 530000210000000021416), 1:50000 Scale Regional Geological Survey of six geological maps including Dongpengyang in Yunnan Province (Project Number: D2017012) and 1:50000 Scale Regional Geological Survey of six geological maps including Tongbiguan in Yunnan Province (Project Number: D2017013).

Acknowledgements

We extend our sincere gratitude to Zhiwei Chen, Qiang Feng and Tao Zhou for their enthusiastic help in literature research. We sincere thanks Prof. Ming Wang for helpful discussions to improve the quality of this paper. We also thank two reviewers for their constructive comments.

Conflict of interest

Author WL was employed by Inner Mongolia No.5 Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Co., Ltd.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Generative AI statement

The authors declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.

Any alternative text (alt text) provided alongside figures in this article has been generated by Frontiers with the support of artificial intelligence and reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, including review by the authors wherever possible. If you identify any issues, please contact us.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1724059/full#supplementary-material

References

Cao, H., Zhang, S. T., Lin, J. Z., Zheng, L., Wu, J. D., and Li, D. (2014). Geology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Jiaojiguanliangzi Fe-polymetallic deposit, Tengchong County, Western Yunnan (China): regional tectonic implications. J. Asian Earth Sci. 81, 142–152. doi:10.1016/J.JSEAES.2013.11.002

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cao, H., Zou, H., Zhang, Y. H., Zhang, S. T., Zheng, L., Zhang, L. K., et al. (2016). Late Cretaceous magmatism and related metallogeny in the Tengchong area: evidence from geochronological, isotopic and geochemical data from the Xiaolonghe Sn deposit, western Yunnan, China. Ore Geol. Rev. 78, 196–212. doi:10.1016/J.OREGEOREV.2016.04.002

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cao, H., Zhang, Y. H., Santosh, M., Zhang, S. T., Tang, L., and Pei, Q. (2017a). Mineralogy, zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemistry of late Cretaceous-Eocene granites from the Tengchong terrane, Western Yunnan, China: record of the closure of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. Geol. J. 52, 1423–1441. doi:10.1002/gj.2964

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cao, H., Zhang, Y. H., Pei, Q. M., Zhang, R. Q., Tang, L., Lin, B., et al. (2017b). U–Pb dating of zircon and cassiterite from the Early Cretaceous Jiaojiguan iron-tin polymetallic deposit, implications for magmatism and metallogeny of the Tengchong area, Western Yunnan, China. Int. Geol. Rev. 59, 234–258. doi:10.1080/00206814.2016.1220842

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cao, H., Zhang, Y., Tang, L., Hollis, S. P., Zhang, S., Pei, Q., et al. (2019). Geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes of Jurassic-Cretaceous granites in the Tengchong terrane, SW China: implications for the Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of the Eastern Tethyan Tectonic Domain. Int. Geol. Rev. 61, 257–279. doi:10.1080/00206814.2017.1422445

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chapman, J. B., Scoggin, S. H., Kapp, P. A., Carrapa, B., Ducea, M., Worthington, J. R., et al. (2018). Mesozoic to Cenozoic magmatic history of the Pamir. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 482, 181–192. doi:10.1016/J.EPSL.2017.10.041

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chappell, B. W., and White, A. J. R. (1974). Two contrasting granite types. Pac. Geol. 8, 173–174.

Google Scholar

Chen, J., Xu, J., Yu, H., Wang, B., Wu, J., and Feng, Y. (2015). Late Cretaceous high–Mg# granitoids in southern Tibet: implications for the early crustal thickening and tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau? Lithos 232, 12–22. doi:10.1016/J.LITHOS.2015.06.020

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chen, Y., Li, G., Qin, L., Lu, Y., and Jiang, C. (2022). Geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous–Eocene granites, Tengchong Block (SW China).: petrogenesis and implications for Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Eastern Tethys. Geosci. Front. 13, 101338. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101338

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chung, S., Chu, M. F., Zhang, Y., Xie, Y., Lo, C. H., Lee, T. Y., et al. (2005). Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism. Earth-Science Rev. 68, 173–196. doi:10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2004.05.001

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cong, F., Lin, S., Tang, H., Xie, T., Li, Z., Zou, G., et al. (2010). Trace elements and Hf isotope compositions and U–Pb age of igneous zircons from the Triassic granite in Lianghe, Western Yunnan. Acta Geol. Sin. 84 (8), 1155–1164. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Cong, F., Lin, S., Zou, G., Li, Z., Xie, T., Peng, Z., et al. (2011a). Magma mixing of granites at Lianghe: in-situ zircon analysis for trace elements, U–Pb ages and hf isotopes. Sci. China Earth Sci. 54, 1346–1359. doi:10.1007/S11430-011-4208-Z

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cong, F., Lin, S., Zou, G., Xie, T., Li, Z., Tang, F., et al. (2011b). Geochronology and petrogenesis for the protolith of biotite Plagioclase gneiss at Lianghe, Western Yunnan. Acta Geol. Sin. Engl. Ed. 85, 870–880. doi:10.1111/J.1755-6724.2011.00491.X

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Deng, J., Wang, Q., Li, G., Li, C., and Wang, C. (2014a). Tethys tectonic evolution and its bearing on the distribution of important mineral deposits in the Sanjiang region, SW China. Gondwana Res. 26, 419–437. doi:10.1016/J.GR.2013.08.002

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Deng, J., Wang, Q., Li, G., and Santosh, M. (2014b). Cenozoic tectono-magmatic and metallogenic processes in the Sanjiang region, Southwestern China. Earth-Science Rev. 138, 268–299. doi:10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2014.05.015

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Cao, H., Zou, H., and Dong, J. (2018). Early Cretaceous I-type granites in the Tengchong terrane: new constraints on the late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Southwestern China. Geosci. Front. 9, 459–470. doi:10.1016/J.GSF.2017.04.007

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ferry, J. M., and Watson, E. B. (2007). New thermodynamic models and revised calibrations for the ti-in-zircon and zr-in-rutile thermometers. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 154, 429–437. doi:10.1007/S00410-007-0201-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hayashi, K., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H. D., and Ohmoto, H. (1997). Geochemistry of ∼1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4115–4137. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00214-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

He, B., Zhong, Y., Xu, Y., and Li, X. (2014). Triggers of Permo-Triassic boundary mass extinction in South China: the Siberian traps or Paleo-Tethys ignimbrite flare-up? Lithos 204, 258–267. doi:10.1016/J.LITHOS.2014.05.011

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

He, X. H., Liu, Z., Wang, G. C., Leonard, N., Tao, W., and Tan, S. C. (2020). Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Early Cretaceous granitoids in the eastern Tengchong terrane, SW China: constraint on the evolution of Meso-Tethys. Lithosphere 12 (1), 150–165. doi:10.1130/L1149.1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hu, Z. C., Zhang, W., Liu, Y. S., Gao, S., Li, M., Zong, K. Q., et al. (2015). “Wave” signal-smoothing and mercury-removing device for laser ablation quadrupole and multiple collector ICPMS analysis: application to lead isotope analysis. Anal. Chem. 87, 1152–1157. doi:10.1021/ac503749k

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hu, Z. C., Li, X. H., Luo, T., Zhang, W., Crowley, J., Li, Q. L., et al. (2021). Tanz zircon megacrysts: a new zircon reference material for the microbeam determination of U–Pb ages and Zr–O isotopes. J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 36, 2715–2734. doi:10.1039/d1ja00311a

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Huang, Z. Y., Qi, X., Tang, G., Liu, J., Zhu, L., Hu, Z., et al. (2013). The identification of early Indosinian tectonic movement in Tengchong block, Western Yunnan: evidence of zircon U–Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotope for Nabang diorite. Geol. China 40 (3), 730–741. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Hui, C., Sun, F., Wang, T., Yang, Y., Chai, Y., Yan, J., et al. (2025). Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of late Permian granitoids in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, NW China: constraints from petrology, geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopes. Minerals 15 (4), 381. doi:10.3390/min15040381

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Li, Z. H., Lin, S. L., Cong, F., Zou, G. F., and Xie, T. (2010). Indosinian orogenesis of the Tengchong-Lianghe block, Western Yunnan: evidence from zircon U–Pb dating and petrogenesis of granitoids. Acta Petrologica Mineralogica 29 (3), 298–312. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Li, H. Q., Xu, Z. Q., Cai, Z. H., Tang, Z. M., and Yang, M. (2011). Indosinian epoch magmatic event and geological significance in the Tengchong block, Western Yunnan province. Acta Petrol. Sin. 27 (7), 2165–2172. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Li, Z. H., Lin, S. L., Cong, F., Xie, T., and Zou, G. F. (2012a). U–Pb ages of zircon from metamorphic rocks of the Gaoligongshan group in Western Yunnan and its tectonic significance. Acta Petrol. Sin. 28, 1529–1541. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Li, Z. H., Lin, S. L., Cong, F., Zou, G. F., and Xie, T. (2012b). U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic compositions of quartz diorite and monzonitic granite from the Tengchong-Lianghe block, Western Yunnan, and its geological implications. Acta Geol. Sin. 86, 1047–1062. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Li, S., Zhao, S., Liu, X., Cao, H., Yu, S., Li, X., et al. (2018a). Closure of the proto–tethys Ocean and early Paleozoic amalgamation of microcontinental blocks in East Asia. Earth-Science Rev. 186, 37–75. doi:10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2017.01.011

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Li, J., Zhang, L., Fan, W., Ding, L., Sun, Y., Peng, T., et al. (2018b). Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution and metallogeny in Myanmar: evidence from zircon/cassiterite U–Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology. Ore Geol. Rev. 97, 829–845. doi:10.1016/J.OREGEOREV.2018.10.009

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Liu, C., Chung, S., Wu, F., Zhang, C., Xu, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2016). Tethyan suturing in Southeast Asia: Zircon U–Pb and Hf–O isotopic constraints from Myanmar ophiolites. Geology 44, 311–314. doi:10.1130/G37342.1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Liu, H. M., Chen, Y. Q., and Shang, Z. (2023). Zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry and geological significance of the Santaishan-Yingjiang ultramafic rocks in Western Yunnan, China. Minerals 13, 536. doi:10.3390/min13040536

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ludwig, K. R. (2003). ISOPLOT 3.00: a geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. California, Berkeley: Berkeley Geochronology Center.

Google Scholar

Luo, G., Jia, X. C., Yang, X. J., Xiong, C. L., Bai, X. Z., Huang, B. X., et al. (2012). LA -ICP -MS zircon U -Pb dating of southern Menglian granite in Tengchong area of Western Yunnan province and its tectonic implications. Geol. Bull. China 31, 287–296. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Ma, N. (2014). The magmatism and mineralization of typical Fe-Sn deposits in the tengchong area, Southwest sanjiang. Beijing: China University of Geosciences, 1–168.

Google Scholar

Ma, N., Deng, J., Wang, O., Wang, C., Zhang, J., and Li, G. (2013). Geochronology of the Dasongpo tin deposit,yunnan province: evidence from zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages and cassiterite LA-MC-ICP-MS U–Pb age. Acta Petrol. Sin. 29, 1223–1235. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Ma, X., Shu, L., Meert, J. G., and Li, J. (2014). The paleozoic evolution of central tianshan: geochemical and geochronological evidence. Gondwana Res. 25, 797–819. doi:10.1016/J.GR.2013.05.015

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ma, P. F., Xia, X. P., Lai, C. K., Cai, K. D., Cui, Z. X., Xu, J., et al. (2021). Evolution of the Tethyan Bangong-Nujiang Ocean and its SE Asian connection: perspective from the Early Cretaceous high-Mg granitoids in SW China. Lithos 388-389, 106074. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106074

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Metcalfe, I. (2013). Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern tethys. J. Asian Earth Sci. 66, 1–33. doi:10.1016/J.JSEAES.2012.12.020

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Metcalfe, I. (2021). Multiple Tethyan ocean basins and orogenic belts in Asia. Gondwana Res. 100, 87–130. doi:10.1016/J.GR.2021.01.012

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mi, W. T., Kong, X., Zhang, D., Hu, J., and Wan, Y. (2017). Zircon LA–ICP–MS dating and geochemical characteristics of I–type granitoids from the Yanhu area, west segment of the Bangongco–Nujiang suture (western Tibet).: petrogenesis and implications for the southward subduction of the Tethyan Ocean. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 90, 335–346. doi:10.1007/s12594-017-0722-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Middlemost, E. A. (1994). Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Earth-Science Rev. 37, 215–224. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(94)90029-9

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mo, X., Gong, C., Shang, Y., Wu, J., Wu, J., Qi, R., et al. (2025). Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating and geochemical characteristics of rhyolites from the Qushi area, tengchong terrane, Yunnan Province. Minerals 15, 315. doi:10.3390/min15030315

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pearce, J. A., Harris, N. B. W., and Tindle, A. G. (1984). Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J. Petrology 25, 956–983. doi:10.1093/PETROLOGY/25.4.956

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Peccerilo, A., and Taylor, S. R. (1976). Geochemistry of eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 58, 63–81. doi:10.1007/bf00384745

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Peng, S. L., Peng, T. P., Fan, W. M., Zhao, G. C., Dong, X. H., Liu, Y. M., et al. (2023). Initial opening of the Neotethyan Ocean in SE Asia: constraints from Triassic magmatism and sedimentation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 135 (5-6), 1127–1138. doi:10.1130/B36431.1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Qi, X. X., Zhu, L. H., Hu, Z. C., and Li, Z. Q. (2011). Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic composition for Early Cretaceous plutonic rocks in Tengchong block,southeastern tibet,and its tectonic implications. Acta Petrol. Sin. 27, 3409–3421. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Qi, X. X., Zhu, L., Grimmer, J. C., and Hu, Z. (2015). Tracing the Transhimalayan magmatic belt and the Lhasa block southward using zircon U–Pb, Lu–Hf isotopic and geochemical data: Cretaceous-Cenozoic granitoids in the Tengchong block, Yunnan, China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 110, 170–188. doi:10.1016/J.JSEAES.2014.07.019

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Qi, X. X., Wei, C., Zhang, C., Zhang, S., Hu, Z., and Ji, F. (2019). Southward extension of the Bangonghu-Nujiang suture: evidence from Early Cretaceous intermediate and felsic magmatism in the Gaoligong orogen, China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 182, 1–25. doi:10.1016/J.JSEAES.2018.09.007

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Qi, X. X., Shen, H., Ren, Y., Wei, C., Cai, Z., Zhang, C., et al. (2020). Early Cretaceous volcanism in the northwestern Gaoligong orogen and its relationship with subduction of the Nujiang ocean: evidence from geochemistry, zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic compositions of rhyolites. Acta Petrol. Sin. 36, 2946–2962. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.18654/1000-0569/2020.10.02

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rapp, R. P., and Watson, E. B. (1995). Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8-32 kbar: implications for Continental growth and crust-mantle recycling. J. Petrology 36, 891–931. doi:10.1093/petrology/36.4.891

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rapp, R. P., Watson, E. B., and Miller, C. F. (1991). Partial melting of amphibolite/eclogite and the origin of Archean trondhjemites and tonalites. Precambrian Res. 51, 1–25. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(91)90092-o

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Shi, Y. R., Anderson, J. L., Wu, Z. H., Yang, Z. Y., Li, L. L., and Ding, J. (2016). Age and origin of early Paleozoic and Mesozoic granitoids in Western Yunnan province, China: Geochemistry, SHRIMP Zircon ages, and hf-in-zircon isotopic compositions. J. Geol. 124 (5), 617–630. doi:10.1086/687397

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sun, S. S., and McDonough, W. F. (1989). “Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes,”, 42. Chem. Isotopic Systematics Oceanic Basalts Implications Mantle Composition Processes. Geological Society Special Publication, 313–345. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sylvester, P. J. (1998). Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites. Lithos 45, 29–44. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00024-3

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wang, Q., Zhu, D., Zhao, Z., Liu, S., Chung, S., Li, S., et al. (2014). Origin of the ca. 90 Ma magnesia-rich volcanic rocks in SE Nyima, central Tibet: products of lithospheric delamination beneath the Lhasa-Qiangtang collision zone. Lithos 198–199, 24–37. doi:10.1016/J.LITHOS.2014.03.019

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wang, G. C., Liu, Z., Tan, S. C., He, X. H., Wang, Y., Qi, C. S., et al. (2022). Petrogenesis of the early Jurassic longtang and Menglong peraluminous granites in tengchong terrane, and their tectonic implication. Acta Geol. Sinica-English Ed. 96 (6), 1979–1990. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.14925

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Whalen, J. B., Currie, K. L., and Chappell, B. W. (1987). A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 95, 407–419. doi:10.1007/BF00402202

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Xie, J. C., Zhu, D. C., Dong, G. C., Zhao, Z. D., Wang, Q., and Mo, X. X. (2016). Linking the Tengchong Terrane in SW Yunnan with the Lhasa Terrane in southern Tibet through magmatic correlation. Gondwana Res. 39, 217–229. doi:10.1016/J.GR.2016.02.007

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Xu, Y. G., Yang, Q. J., Lan, J. B., Luo, Z. Y., Huang, X. L., Shi, Y. R., et al. (2012). Temporal-spatial distribution and tectonic implications of the batholiths in the Gaoligong-Tengliang-Yingjiang area, western Yunnan: constraints from zircon U–Pb ages and hf isotopes. J. Asian Earth Sci. 53, 151–175. doi:10.1016/J.JSEAES.2011.06.018

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Xu, Z. Q., Wang, Q., Cai, Z. H., Dong, H. W., Li, H. Q., Chen, X. J., et al. (2015). Kinematics of the Tengchong terrane in SE Tibet from the Late Eocene to early Miocene: insights from coeval mid-crustal detachments and strike-slip shear zones. Tectonophysics 665 (666), 127–148. doi:10.1016/J.TECTO.2015.09.033

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yang, Q. J., Xu, Y. G., Huang, X. L., and Luo, Z. Y. (2006). Geochronology and geochemistry of granites in the Gaoligong tectonic belt, Western Yunnan: tectonic implications. Acta Petrol. Sin. 22, 817–834. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Yang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., and Yang, J. (2024). Spatio-temporal analysis of Permian-Cretaceous magmatic activities in the Tengchong block: implications for its tectono-magmatic evolution. Geosci. Front. 15, 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101920

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Yang, J., and Wang, Y. (2025). Decoding the geological evolution of tengchong block: a big data analysis of Zircon from the late Permian to Early Cretaceous. Tectonics 44, e2025TC008882. doi:10.1029/2025tc008882

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yu, L. (2016). “Genesis and tectonic significance of the Mesozoic granitoids in the Tengchong-baoshan block,” in Sanjiang. (Beijing): China University of Geosciences, 1–137.

Google Scholar

Yunnan Institute of Geological Sciences (YIGS) (2020). 1:50,000 regional geological survey report in Dongpengyang, Mengnongjie, Mangzhang, Xima, Yingjiang and Jiucheng areas, Yunnan province. Yunnan Institute of Geological Sciences. (in Chinese).

Google Scholar

Zhai, Q., Hu, P., Liu, Y., Tang, Y., and Lee, H. (2024). Final closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean: insights from Triassic granitoids in the central Qiangtang area, northern Tibetan Plateau. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 136 (11/12), 5075–5090. doi:10.1130/b37682.1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, J., Peng, T., Fan, W., Zhao, G., Dong, X., Gao, J., et al. (2018a). Petrogenesis of the Early Cretaceous granitoids and its mafic enclaves in the Northern Tengchong Terrane, southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications. Lithos 314–315, 283–298. doi:10.1016/J.LITHOS.2018.08.017

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, Q. W., Wang, Q. F., Li, G. J., and Cui, X. L. (2018b). Fractionation process of high-silica magmas through the lens of zircon crystallization: a case study from the Tengchong block, SW China. Chem. Geol. 496, 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.08.004

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, J., Fan, W., Peng, T., and Ratschbacher, L. (2022). An early cretaceous arc-back-arc system in western Yunnan, SW China: constraints from U–Pb zircon ages and geochemistry of volcanic rocks in the Western Baoshan block. Lithos 412, 106753. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2022.106753

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, J., Fan, W., Xu, X., Peng, T., Ratschbacher, L., and Wang, B. (2023). Early Cretaceous magmatism in Yunnan traces the tectonic transition from the Tengchong-Baoshan continental collision to Neo-Tethyan slab rollback. Lithos 456-457, 107316. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2023.107316

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhao, S., Lai, S., Qin, J., and Zhu, R. (2016). Tectono-magmatic evolution of the Gaoligong belt, southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau: constraints from granitic gneisses and granitoid intrusions. Gondwana Res. 35, 238–256. doi:10.1016/J.GR.2015.05.007

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhao, S., Lai, S., Qin, J., Zhu, R., and Wang, J. (2017). Geochemical and geochronological characteristics of Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene granitoids in the tengchong Block, Southwestern China: implications for crustal anatexis and thickness variations along the eastern Neo–Tethys subduction zone. Tectonophysics 694, 87–100. doi:10.1016/J.TECTO.2016.11.038

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhao, S., Yang, C., Lai, S. C., Pei, X. Z., Li, Z. C., and Zhu, R. Z. (2021). Multistage Fractional crystallization in the continental arc magmatic system: constraints from the appinites in Tengchong Block, southeastern extension of Tibet. Lithosphere 2021, 3367816. doi:10.2113/2021/3367816

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhao, S., Fang, X., Tai, W., Lai, S., Pei, X., and Li, Z. (2025). Origin of granitic magma within continental margin arc magmatic lull: constraints by the Late Cretaceous granites in Tengchong Block, SE Tibet. Acta Petrol. Sin. 41, 91–111. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.18654/1000-0569/2025.01.05

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhou, S. M. (2019). Petrogenesis of the Late Triassic–Early Eocene granitoids in the Tengchong block. Beijing: China University of Geosciences, 1–168. (in Chinese).

Google Scholar

Zhou, S. M., Wang, Q. F., and Li, G. J. (2018). Geochemistry,zircon U-Pb geochronology from the Late Triassic syenogranite in Lianghe area,tengchong block,and their geological implications. Acta Petrol. Sin. 34, 1359–1375. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar

Zhu, R. Z., Lai, S., Qin, J., and Zhao, S. (2015b). Early-Cretaceous highly fractionated I-type granites from the northern Tengchong block, Western Yunnan, SW China: petrogenesis and tectonic implications. J. Asian Earth Sci. 100, 145–163. doi:10.1016/J.JSEAES.2015.01.014

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhu, R. Z., Lai, S., Santosh, M., Qin, J., and Zhao, S. (2017). Early Cretaceous Na-rich granitoids and their enclaves in the Tengchong block, SW China: magmatism in relation to subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethys ocean. Lithos 286, 175–190. doi:10.1016/J.LITHOS.2017.05.017

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhu, R. Z., Lai, S. C., Qin, J. F., Zhao, S. W., and Wang, J. B. (2017b). Late early-cretaceous quartz diorite-granodiorite-monzogranite association from the Gaoligong belt, southeastern Tibet Plateau: chemical variations and geodynamic implications. Lithos 288-289, 311–325. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.07.021

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhu, R. Z., Lai, S., Qin, J., and Zhao, S. (2018a). Petrogenesis of late paleozoic-to-early Mesozoic granitoids and metagabbroic rocks of the Tengchong Block, SW China: implications for the evolution of the eastern Paleo–Tethys. Int. J. Earth Sci. 107, 431–457. doi:10.1007/s00531-017-1501-x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhu, R. Z., Lai, S. C., Qin, J., and Zhao, S. (2018b). Early-Cretaceous syenites and granites in the Northeastern tengchong block, SW China: petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Acta Geol. Sin. Engl. Ed. 92, 1349–1365. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13631

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhu, R. Z., Lai, S., Paterson, S. R., Luffi, P., Zhang, B., and Pompe, L. R. (2022). Westward migration of high-magma addition rate events in SE Tibet. Tectonophysics 830, 229308. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229308

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zong, K., Klemd, R., Yuan, Y., He, Z. Y., Guo, J. L., Shi, X. L., et al. (2017). The assembly of Rodinia: the correlation of early Neoproterozoic (ca. 900 Ma). high–grade metamorphism and continental arc formation in the southern Beishan Orogen, southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Precambrian Res. 290, 32–48. doi:10.1016/J.PRECAMRES.2016.12.010

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zou, G. F., Lin, S. L., Li, Z. H., Cong, F., and Xie, T. (2011). Geochronology and geochemistry of the Longtang granite in the Lianghe area, western Yunnan and its tectonic implications. Geotect. Metallogenia 35 (3), 439–451. (in Chinese with English abstract).

Google Scholar