Abstract
The main objective of current communication is to present a mathematical model and numerical simulation for momentum and heat transference characteristics of Maxwell nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet. Further, magnetic dipole, non-uniform heat source/sink, and chemical reaction effects are considered. By using well-known similarity transformation, formulated flow equations are modelled into OD equations. Numerical solutions of the governing flow equations are attained by utilizing the shooting method consolidated with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta with shooting system. Graphical results are deliberated and scrutinized for the consequence of different parameters on fluid characteristics. Results reveal that the temperature profile accelerates for diverse values of space dependent parameter, but it shows opposite behaviour for escalated integrity of temperature dependent parameter.
Introduction
Fluids exhibiting non-Newtonian behavior were used in many engineering applications such as hydraulic fracturing, remediation, and solar heating applications and in several industrial processes. The motion of non-Newtonian fluids equations is extremely nonlinear when compared to Navier–Stokes’s equations. The models of non-Newtonian fluids are mainly parted into 3 groups: rate, integral, and differential type fluids. The model of fluid considered here is a sub-category of a rate type fluid which is called Maxwell fluid. The model of Maxwell fluid forecasts the impacts of relaxation time. These impacts cannot be projected by other fluid types. Nano-science is the specified excellent way of altering the personality of a liquid. Deportation of heat characteristics through nanofluid flow plays a major role in industrial and technological applications. Motivated by these applications, several researchers examined the Maxwell nano liquid stream past diverse surfaces. Irfan et al. (Irfan et al., 2018) explored the aspects of heat generation or sink and magnetic field on the Maxwell liquid wrapped up a cylinder. Prasannakumara et al. (Prasannakumara et al., 2018) studied the nanoparticles suspension on Maxwell fluid stream through stretchy geometry with Soret and Dufour effects. Ahmed et al. (Ahmed et al., 2019) used Maxwell nanofluid to scrutinize the impact of radiation effect. Ijaz and Ayub (Ijaz and Ayub, 2019) scrutinized the two-dimensional stream of a Maxwell nano liquid with the effect of activation energy. Ahmed et al. (Ahmed et al., 2020) studied the stream of Maxwell fluid impelled through gyrating disks on taking account of mixed convection and Karmann’s swirling flow of rate type nano liquid. The boundary layer stream with magnetic dipole has extensive applications in several engineering fields. Given this, recently, several researchers are showing keen interest in exploring the magnetic dipole effect on diverse liquid streams over different geometries. Initially, Khan et al. (Khan et al., 2021) studied the magnetic dipole and thermal radiation impacts on stagnation point flow of micropolar-based nanofluids over a vertical stretching sheet. Ali et al. (Ali et al., 2021) investigated the magnetic dipole and thermal radiation effects on hybrid base micropolar CNTs flow over a stretching sheet: Finite element method approach. Veeranna et al. (Veeranna et al., 2021) discussed the effect of Stefan blowing and magnetic dipole on chemically reactive second-grade nanomaterial flow over a stretching sheet. Prasannakumara (Prasannakumara, 2021) analyzed the numerical simulation of heat transport in Maxwell nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet considering the magnetic dipole effect. Waqas et al. (Waqas et al., 2021) studied the numerical simulation for a magnetic dipole in bioconvection flow of Jeffrey nanofluid with swimming motile microorganisms.
The non-uniform heat source/sink effect in the heat transference is another excellent consideration in several realistic issues. The various types of fluids through different surfaces with the impact of inhomogeneous reaction were argued by various researchers. Basha et al. (Basha et al., 2018) examined the irregular uniform heat sink/generation effect on chemically reacting nano liquid stream through a cone and plate. Elgazery (Elgazery, 2019) explored the nano liquid flow past a porous instable stretchy surface with in homogeneous heat source/sink. Irfan et al. (Irfan et al., 2020) deliberated the heat sink/source features on Maxwell nano liquid stream through an extended cylinder. Recently, Tawade et al. (Tawade et al., 2021) discussed the radiant heat and non-uniform heat source on MHD Casson fluid flow of thin liquid film beyond a stretching sheet. Xu et al. (Xu et al., 2021) investigated the non-uniform heat source/sink features for enhancing the thermal efficiency of third-grade nano fluid containing microorganisms. Shi et al. (Shi et al., 2021) discussed the heat and mass transfer analysis in the MHD flow of radiative Maxwell nanofluid with a non-uniform heat source/sink.
A chemical reaction is a spacious range of applications in the fields of chemical engineering and industries. It is necessary to concentrate the flow of heat or mass, subjected with components in the same or different phases of chemical reactions. Khan et al. (Khan et al., 2020) deliberate the consequence of Arrhenius energy in the chemical gyrating stream by considering non-linear heat flux. Asma et al. (Asma et al., 2020) scrutinized the MHD stream of nano liquid due to a gyrating disc with the significant impact of activation reaction. Santhi et al. (Santhi et al., 2021) studied the heat and mass transfer characteristics of radiative hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with a chemical reaction. Reddy et al. (Reddy et al., 2021) discussed the chemical reaction impact on MHD natural convection flow through porous medium past an exponentially stretching sheet in presence of heat source/sink and viscous dissipation. Sandhya et al. (Sandhya et al., 2021) studied the Casson nanofluid thin film flow over a stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and chemical reaction.
In fluid mechanics, the scrutiny of the various physical and chemical phenomenon on the flow of different liquids over a stretching surface has assisted many researchers in developing numerous applications related to real-life problems and industrial areas. This inspection helps us to study the control rate of heat flow and is applicable in the areas like production of paper sheets, extruding polymers, crystals, glass, fibers, electronic chips, and metallic sheets. Abbas et al. (Abbas et al., 2020) explored the stream of micropolar fluid with hybrid nanoparticles over a stretching sheet. Asghar et al. (Asghar et al., 2020) delineated the mixed convective stream of a Williamson liquid caused by an elastic surface. Ramadevi et al. (Ramadevi et al., 2019) discussed the non-uniform heat source/sink on the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic Carreau fluid flow past a stretching surface with modified Fourier’s law. Kumaran and Sandeep (Kumaran and Sandeep, 2017) studied the thermophoresis and Brownian moment effects on parabolic flow of MHD Casson and Williamson fluids with cross diffusion. Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 2019a) investigated the simultaneous solutions for MHD flow of Williamson fluid over a curved sheet with non-uniform heat source/sink. Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 2019b) discussed the MHD stagnation point flow of Williamson and Casson fluids past an extended cylinder: a new heat flux model. Many related publications can be found also in the references (Saha et al., 2012; Bhattacharyya et al., 2016; Bhattacharyya et al., 2018; Bhattacharyya et al., 2019; Bhattacharyya, 2020a; Bhattacharyya et al., 2020a; Bhattacharyya, 2020b; Bhattacharyya et al., 2020b; Souayeh et al., 2021).
The detailed literature survey delivered that no study exists in the literature dealing with the analysis of magnetic dipole flow suspended with Nimonic 80 A–AA7075 nanoparticles. Hence, a sincere effort has been made to analyse such a flow numerically through RKF −45 with shooting system. The basic PDEs are developed with the help of boundary layer theory and reduced into highly nonlinear ODEs with the guidance of transforming variables. Numerical solutions for the considered investigation are achieved. The heat transfer properties, mass transfer properties, and flow features under the influence of various physical parameters are also studied.
Mathematical Formulation
Consider a steady, incompressible, and two-dimensional flow of Maxwell nanofluid in the presence of magnetic dipole, chemical reaction, and non-uniform heat source/sink over a stretching sheet. Two equal and opposite forces are applied along the x-axis so that the wall is stretched, keeping the origin fixed. The steady two-dimensional boundary layer equations for this fluid in usual notation are (Sarada et al., 2021):where signifies the ferromagnetic force per unit volume.
The corresponding boundary constraints are as follow:where the non-dimensional form of is given by (Gireesha et al., 2019; Kumar et al., 2020).
Moreover, and defines the heat generation state, while and resembles to the internal heat absorption of the system.
Due to the magnetic dipole, the assumed liquid flow is affected by the magnetic field, whose magnetic scalar potential is given by (Everts et al., 2020):and the corresponding magnetic field has the components
Since the magnetic body force is proportional to the gradient of the magnitude of and using
we attain that
Assuming that the applied field is sufficiently strong to saturate the assumed fluid and the variation of magnetization M with temperature T is approximated by the linear equation
We introduce the following the dimensionless coordinates and dimensionless variables as follows:
The velocity components and are related to the physical stream function according towhere the dynamic viscosity, density, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of nanofluid are given by:
The equation of continuity is trivially satisfied, whereas moment and thermal equations are converted to corresponding set of ordinary differential equations:where
Corresponding reduced boundary conditionswhere
Physical quantities of practical interest in their dimensionless form are as follows (Abel and Nandeppanavar, 2009; Rehman et al., 2017; Aleem et al., 2020):
Numerical Method
The dimensionless arrangement of Eqs 13–16 with the conditions (17) is profoundly coupled differential conditions. One needs to turn towards numerical strategies to acquire the arrangement of such conditions. In this investigation, we have utilized the method Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth–fifth order with shooting system. The calculations have been done utilizing the representative programming Maple.
The algorithm of Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg–forth-fifth order method is given by:
Results and Discussion
In this segment, the effects of assorted specification, namely, Maxwell parameter , space dependent parameter , ferromagnetic interaction parameter , temperature dependent parameter , and reaction rate parameter on the fluid profiles such as radial velocity , temperature profile , and concentration profile , are explained via graphs. Also, deviation in the drag force, transfer heat rate, and Sherwood number for disparate values of corresponding specification are discussed here. The dominant nonlinear PD equations are reduced into terminated ODEs by using suitable analogy variables, and the obtained expressions are tackled numerically with the aid of RKF 45 with shooting system arrangement by employing shooting pattern. The material features of the carrier liquid engine oil and nanoparticle subsistence appropriate in this work are manifest in Table 1.
TABLE 1
| Properties | Engine oil (EO) (unused 360K) | Nimonic 80 A | AA7075 |
|---|---|---|---|
The material features of the base fluid and nanoparticles (Reddy et al., 2020; Tlili et al., 2020; Raju et al., 2021).
Figure 1 elucidates the nature of radial velocity against diverse values of ferromagnetic interaction parameter . It clarifies that declines significantly for higher values of . Physically, the Lorentz force deviates for the augmentation of magnetic parameter and this force causes additional resistance to the transport process. The consequence of Maxwell parameter on for both fluids is exemplified viaFigure 2. In this figure, we can perceive that radial acceleration is a developing function of Maxwell restriction and, moreover, heightens for augmentation of .
FIGURE 1
Provocation of on .
FIGURE 2
Provocation of on .
Figure 3 portrays the behavior of temperature profile for enhancement in the temperature dependent parameter . It indicates that decreases rapidly with an improvement of . Physically, the presence of non-uniform heat source parameters provides less heat to the system which decayed the transportation process. The impact of space dependent parameter on for both liquids is described in Figure 4. This figure explains the enhancing nature of for heightening values of . It happens because of the existence of heat source specification innards the flow field transfers additional hotness, and this phenomenon is the reason for the growth of thermal boundary layer thickness.
FIGURE 3
Provocation of on .
FIGURE 4
Provocation of on .
The consequence of on is explained in Figure 5. It signifies that an improvement in values upsurges the temperature profile remarkably. The influence of on is explicated by Figure 6. From this figure, one can conclude that has a major impact on and it is perceived that the solute outline layer stiffness is a declining activity of . This is because is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity, and bulkier attitude of correlates to a limited mass diffusivity. Hence, concentration profile declines for both liquids.
FIGURE 5
Provocation of on .
FIGURE 6
Provocation of on .
Figure 7 illustrates the consequence of on for both the liquid cases. This figure confirms that exhibits decreasing nature for diverse values of , and an enhancement in the reaction rate parameter reduces the concentration of the liquids. Physically, as the values of reaction rate parameter heightens concentration field and associated solutal layer thickness is reduced.
FIGURE 7
Provocation of on .
Figures 8, 9 describe the variations in surface drag force against for diverse values of and , respectively. The deviation in the heat transfer rate against space dependent parameter for is indicated viaFigure 10. Similarly, the variation in heat transfer rate against temperature dependent parameter for is illustrated (see Figure 11). Figure 12 demonstrates the fluctuation of Sherwood number against for diverse character of .
FIGURE 8
Change in for versus .
FIGURE 9
Change in for versus .
FIGURE 10
Change in for versus .
FIGURE 11
Change in for versus .
FIGURE 12
Change in for versus .
Final Remarks
In the present study, the ferromagnetic stream of a Maxwell nano liquid over a sheet with heat sink/source and chemical reaction effects is inspected. Advisable correlation transformations are occupied to attain the corresponding set of ODEs and are numerically solved with the assistance of Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg-45 with shooting system performance onward with shooting arrangement. The main outcomes of the present investigation are given below:
• The existence of heat source specification innards the flow field transfers additional hotness, and this phenomenon is the reason for the growth of temperature profile.
• The presence of non-uniform heat source parameter provides less heat to the system which decayed the temperature profile.
• is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity. A larger value of decreases the concentration profile.
• Velocity profile enhances with an increment value of , whereas it declines for escalation of .
• As the values of the chemical reaction parameter enhance, the concentration profile decreases.
• Momentum boundary layer thickness is higher in larger values of .
• Solutal boundary layer thickness is scaled back for larger values of .
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author contributions
Conceptualization, BS and MK; methodology, BS; software, BS and MK; validation, BS, MA, and SH; formal analysis, BS and SH; investigation, BS, MA, MK, and SH; writing—review and editing, BS, MA, MK, and SH.
Funding
The authors acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Faisal University for the financial support under Nasher track (Grant No. 206099).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Glossary
Velocity components
Magnetization
Dynamic viscosity
Relaxation time
Magnetic field intensity
Nusselt number
Temperature of fluid
Reaction rate parameter
Distance
Radial velocity
Independent coordinate
Dimensionless distance
Non-uniform heat source/sink parameter
Dimensionless temperature
Dimensionless temperature
Space dependent parameter
Temperature dependent parameter
Ferromagnetic interaction parameter
Prandtl number
Maxwell parameter
Viscous dissipation parameter
Scalar potential
Stream function
Dimensionless Curie temperature
Local Reynolds number
Coordinate axes
Density
Magnetic permeability
Thermal conductivity
Dimensionless concentration
Heat capacitance
Kinematic viscosity
Skin friction
Schmidt number
Curie
fluid
Solid volume fraction of
Solid volume fraction of
Surface
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Summary
Keywords
maxwell nanofluid, magnetic dipole, non-uniform heat source/sink, chemical reaction, stretching sheet viscous dissipation parameter
Citation
Souayeh B, Yasin E, Alam MW and Hussain SG (2021) Numerical Simulation of Magnetic Dipole Flow Over a Stretching Sheet in the Presence of Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink. Front. Energy Res. 9:767751. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.767751
Received
31 August 2021
Accepted
11 November 2021
Published
14 December 2021
Volume
9 - 2021
Edited by
Brusly Solomon A, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, India
Reviewed by
Sandeep N, Central University of Karnataka, India
Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Souayeh, Yasin, Alam and Hussain.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Basma Souayeh, bsouayeh@kfu.edu.sa
This article was submitted to Process and Energy Systems Engineering, a section of the journal Frontiers in Energy Research
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