Abstract
Introduction:
Systemic nutrition and immune inflammation are the key factors in cancer development and metastasis. This study aimed to compare and assess four nutritional status and immune indicators: prognostic nutritional index (PNI), nutritional risk index (NRI), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) as prognostic indicators for patients with thymic epithelial tumors.
Materials:
We retrospectively reviewed 154 patients who underwent thymic epithelial tumor resection at our hospital between 2004 and 2015. The optimal cutoff value for each nutritional and immune index was obtained using the X-tile software. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used for survival analysis.
Results:
Univariate analysis showed that PNI, NRI, NLR, SII, albumin (ALB), the albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), WHO stage, T stage, and drinking history were associated with the overall survival (OS) of patients (P < 0.05). The NRI, NLR, A/G, ALB, T stage, and WHO stage were significant independent prognostic factors of OS in multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). Finally, we constructed a coNRI-NLR model to predict OS and recurrence-free survival (RFS).
Conclusions:
This study suggests that the preoperative NRI, NLR, and coNRI-NLR model may be important prognostic factors for patients with thymic epithelial tumors who undergo surgical resection.
Introduction
Thymic epithelial tumors are rare malignancies which frequently occur in the anterior mediastinum of adults, and include thymomas and thymic carcinomas (1, 2). Although surgery is an effective treatment, since thymic epithelial tumors only account for around 0.2–1.5% of all malignancies, there is currently no standard, comprehensive treatment protocol (3, 4). A recent meta-analysis showed that postoperative radiotherapy can improve the overall survival rate of Masaoka-Koga stage II and III thymoma, but no prospective studies have confirmed these results (5). Additionally, a study of postoperative chemotherapy has not yet reached a definite conclusion, because thymomas are an indolent tumor with a low incidence and relatively long survival time. Therefore, it is difficult to predict tumor prognosis and recurrence and to formulate individualized treatment plans.
Preoperative nutritional status is associated with postoperative complications and overall survival (OS) in patients with cancer (6), and many indicators containing nutritional variables have been found to play a role in predicting the prognosis of patients with various cancer, such as esophageal cancer (7), non-small cell lung cancer (8), colorectal cancer (9), and oral cancer (10). However, the relationship between the nutritional risk index (NRI) or prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and clinical outcomes in patients with thymic epithelial tumors remains unclear and has not been validated.
Additionally, inflammation plays an important role in the development and progression of cancer (11–13). Inflammation-related indicators such as the systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) play a role in predicting prognosis in breast cancer (14), kidney cancer (15), lung cancer (16), esophageal cancer (17, 18), and other tumors. Considering the close relationship between inflammation and tumor development, this study also assessed inflammation-related factors.
As research predicting tumor prognosis and recurrence is of great significance when determining individualized treatment and postoperative adjuvant therapy for patients with thymic epithelial tumors, we studied the ability of the four most commonly reported nutritional and immune-inflammation-related indicators (PNI, NRI, SII, and NLR) to predict the prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors. In addition, we explored new indicators that have an impact on prognosis, in order to more accurately and conveniently predict the prognosis and recurrence of thymic epithelial tumors.
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (B2020-353-01), and included patient data collected at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (record number: RDDA2021002090). The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.
This study retrospectively analyzed 154 patients who underwent thymic epithelial tumor resection at our center between May 2004 and August 2015. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age > 18 years; (2) complete surgical resection (R0, no residual disease); (3) presence of histopathologically confirmed thymic epithelial tumors, including thymoma and thymic carcinoma (TC); and (4) complete relevant laboratory tests (such as routine blood tests, and routine biochemical tests) within 7 days before surgery. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Patients who received radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery, before and after surgery, or an unknown sequence of treatment with surgery. (2) Patients with more than one malignancy or history of other malignancies. (3) Postoperative survival time less than 3 months. (4) Follow-up time less than 5 years. (5) Cryoablation as the surgical method. (6) If the patient only underwent thymoma biopsy. (7) Incomplete follow-up information.
Data Collection
Data were collected for the following clinical variables: hematological indicators (obtained within 1 week before surgery), lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, albumin level (ALB), platelet count, globulin level, patient's age, sex, smoking history, drinking history (drinking alcohol every day, although the specific amount of drinking was not limited or described), family history of tumors, tumor size, myasthenia gravis symptoms, histological subtype, and body mass index (BMI). In this study, T staging was obtained by combining imaging data with intraoperative records and postoperative pathological information, and we staged all patients according to the 8th edition of the TNM staging system.
Follow Up
Patients were followed-up every 6–12 months for the first 2 years, every 12 months for the third to fifth years, and annually thereafter. The follow-up investigations included chest CT scan and hematological examination (including routine blood tests, routine biochemical tests, and investigation of tumor markers), and the final follow-up timepoint was August 2020. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS).
Variable Definition
All hematological indicators were collected within 7 days before surgery. The formula for calculating nutritional indicators is as follows: BMI = weight/height2 (kg/m2); NLR = neutrophil count/lymphocyte count; SII = platelet count × neutrophil count/lymphocyte count; PLR = platelet count/lymphocyte count; PNI = albumin (g/l) + 0.005 × lymphocyte count (μl), as derived from Onodera et al. (19). NRI was calculated according to the formula: NRI = (1.519 × albumin, g/1) (41.7 × current/ideal body weight), as defined by Buzby et al. (20). The ideal body weight was calculated according to the Lorenz equation; for males: Height – 100 – [(Height – 150)/4], and for females: Height – 100 – [(Height – 150)/2.5].
Data Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM, Chicago, Illinois, USA), and R software (version 4.0.3; https://www.r-project.org/). X-Tile software was used to obtain the optimal cutoff values for nutritional and inflammatory predictors (http://www.tissuearray.org/rimmlab). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Relative risks were assessed using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to compare area under the curve (AUC) values between different models. All tests were two-way, and the significance level was set at p < 0.05.
Results
Patient Characteristics
A total of 154 patients with thymic epithelial tumors were included in this study, including 80 men and 74 women, with an average age of 50.66 ± 12.45 years and an average tumor size of 6.71 ± 3.11 cm (Table 1). Table 1 also shows patient's WHO staging, T staging, smoking history, drinking history, myasthenia gravis (MG) status and other relevant clinical information.
Table 1
| Characteristic | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 80 | 51.9 |
| Female | 74 | 48.1 |
| Age (years) | ||
| ≤ 60 | 121 | 78.6 |
| >60 | 33 | 21.4 |
| Smoking history | ||
| Never | 119 | 77.3 |
| Ever | 35 | 22.7 |
| Drinking history | ||
| No | 135 | 87.7 |
| Yes | 19 | 12.3 |
| Family history of tumor | ||
| No | 131 | 85.1 |
| Yes | 23 | 14.9 |
| Tumor size(cm) | ||
| ≤ 6 | 85 | 55.2 |
| >6 | 69 | 44.8 |
| pT stage | ||
| T1 | 122 | 79.2 |
| T2-3 | 32 | 20.8 |
| WHO stage | ||
| A-AB | 62 | 40.3 |
| B1-B3 | 77 | 50 |
| C | 15 | 9.7 |
| Myasthenia gravis | ||
| No | 143 | 92.9 |
| Yes | 11 | 7.1 |
| ALB | ||
| ≤ 42.6 | 57 | 37 |
| >42.6 | 97 | 63 |
| A/G | ||
| ≤ 2.0 | 135 | 87.7 |
| >2.0 | 19 | 12.3 |
| BMI | ||
| ≤ 18.8 | 16 | 10.4 |
| >18.8 | 138 | 89.6 |
| HGB | ||
| ≤ 124.0 | 36 | 23.4 |
| >124.0 | 118 | 76.6 |
| NRI | ||
| ≤ 99.6 | 15 | 9.7 |
| >99.6 | 139 | 90.3 |
| NLR | ||
| ≤ 2.7 | 129 | 83.8 |
| >2.7 | 25 | 16.2 |
| PLR | ||
| ≤ 147.9 | 125 | 81.2 |
| >147.9 | 29 | 18.8 |
| SII | ||
| ≤ 688.5 | 129 | 83.8 |
| >688.5 | 25 | 16.2 |
| PNI | ||
| ≤ 50.9 | 35 | 22.7 |
| >50.9 | 119 | 77.3 |
Patient and tumor-related characteristics of thymic tumor (n =154).
NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; HGB, hemoglobin; ALB, albumin; A/G, albumin/globulin; BMI, body mass index; SII, systemic immune-inflammation Index; PLR, platelet-lymphocyte ratio; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; NRI, nutritional risk index; pT stage, Pathological T stage.
Optimal Cutoff Values for Preoperative PNI, NRI, NLR, and SII
Considering OS as the endpoint, the optimal cut-off values of preoperative PNI, NRI, NLR, and SII were determined using X-tile software. The cutoff values were as follows: PNI: 50.9 (p = 0.05), NRI: 99.6 (p = 0.000), NLR: 2.7 (p = 0.001), and SII: 688.5 (p = 0.001). For further analysis, patients were divided into low or high groups for PNI, NRI, NLR, and SII based on the relevant cut-off values.
Association of PNI, NRI, NLR, and SII With Survival Outcomes
Using OS as the endpoint, we compared the outcomes in terms of OS among patients assigned to the low- and high-level PNI, NRI, NLR, and SII groups, as demonstrated by the KM survival curves (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Univariate and Multivariate Survival Analysis
According to the results of the univariate Cox regression analysis, 10 variables were significantly associated with OS: WHO stage, T stage, drinking history, BMI, ALB, PNI, NRI, NLR, SII, and A/G (Table 2). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, six parameters were defined as independent prognostic factors for OS: T stage (T1 vs. T2-3), WHO stage (A-AB vs. B1-B3, and A-AB vs. C), ALB, A/G, NRI, and NLR (Table 2).
Table 2
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | HR | 95%CI | P | |
| Gender | 0.079 | |||
| Male vs. Female | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.939 | |||
| ≤ 60 vs. >60 | ||||
| Smoking history | 0.275 | |||
| Never vs. Ever | ||||
| Drinking history | 0.046 | |||
| No vs. Yes | ||||
| Family history of tumor | 0.255 | |||
| No vs. Yes | ||||
| Tumor size | 0.06 | |||
| ≤ 6 vs. >6 | ||||
| pT stage | 0 | Reference | ||
| T1 vs. T2-3 | 3.542 | 1.118-11.228 | 0.032 | |
| WHO stage | 0 | Reference | ||
| A-AB vs. B1-B3 | 0.815 | 0.210-3.169 | ||
| A-AB vs. C | 6.699 | 0.1.813-24.749 | 0.003 | |
| Myasthenia gravis | 0.418 | |||
| No vs. Yes | ||||
| ALB | 0.002 | Reference | ||
| ≤ 42.6 vs. >42.6 | 0.235 | 0.069-0.802 | 0.021 | |
| A/G | 0.039 | Reference | ||
| ≤ 2.0 vs. >2.0 | 12.182 | 3.178-46.693 | 0 | |
| BMI | 0.01 | |||
| ≤ 18.8 vs. >18.8 | ||||
| HGB | 0.097 | |||
| ≤ 124.0 vs. >124.0 | ||||
| NRI | 0 | Reference | ||
| ≤ 99.6 vs. >99.6 | 0.19 | 0.052-0.692 | 0.012 | |
| NLR | 0.001 | Reference | ||
| ≤ 2.7 vs. >2.7 | 3.471 | 1.212-9.941 | 0.02 | |
| PLR | 0.079 | |||
| ≤ 147.9 vs. >147.9 | ||||
| SII | 0.001 | |||
| ≤ 688.5 vs. >688.5 | ||||
| PNI | 0.005 | |||
| ≤ 50.9 vs. >50.9 | ||||
Univariate and multivariate analysis results in thymic epithelial tumor (n = 154).
NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; HGB, hemoglobin; ALB, albumin; A/G, albumin/globulin; BMI, body mass index; SII, systemic immune-inflammation Index; PLR, platelet-lymphocyte ratio; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; NRI, nutritional risk index; pT stage, Pathological T stage.
coNRI-NLR Model Construction
According to the coNRI-NLR model score, those with high NRI and low NLR were given 2 points; those with high NRI and high NLR and those with low NRI and low NLR were given 1 point; and those with low NRI and high NLR were given 0 points. Patients were divided into low-risk (Score 2), middle-risk (Score 1) and high-risk (Score 0) groups and the KM curve related to OS and RFS were assessed (Figure 2; p < 0.001). Additionally, ROC analysis was used to compare the coNRI-NLR model with NRI and NLR. The AUC of the coNRI-NLR model value was 0.792, which was higher than that of either NRI (0.684) or NLR (0.650) alone (Figure 3).
Figure 2
Figure 3
Discussion
By comprehensively considering multiple clinical factors and four nutritional status and immune-inflammatory indicators of patients, we conducted univariate and multivariate analyses and concluded that NRI and NLR had significant effects on OS. Additionally, the coNRI-NLR prognostic model constructed from these two factors also has the ability to predict postoperative prognosis in patients with thymic epithelial tumors.
At present, several published studies have assessed prognostic factors for patients with thymic epithelial tumors. Initially, the research of Fang et al. established a predictive model for thymic tumor recurrence through multi-center analysis combined with T staging and WHO staging (21). And a study by Luo et al. constructed a similar model by integrating lactate dehydrogenase and clinical data (22). Additionally, Wang et al. analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to establish a clinically relevant OS prognostic model (23). However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the PNI, NRI, NLR, and SII in patients with thymic epithelial tumors.
The NLR is a hematological marker of systemic inflammation. In this study, univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the NLR could effectively predict the OS of patients with thymic epithelial tumors. Nakajima et al. also found that elevated preoperative NLR was associated with poor prognosis after thymoma resection (24). Negri et al. also concluded that a high preoperative NLR is associated with shorter Disease Free Survival in patients undergoing thymectomy (25). In this study, the prognostic value of the NLR was better than that of the PLR, which is consistent with He's research conclusion (26). However, the current research assessing the NLR is still limited, and more patient samples and prospective studies remain to be fully evaluated.
Combining ALB and BMI, the NRI reflects the nutritional status of the body and may predict the prognosis of cancer patients. Our findings agree with a study of gastric cancer reported in 2018 (27). Subsequently, a large-scale prospective study of 1,395 patients by He et al. (10) found that the prognostic performance of the NRI was better than that of the PNI in oral cancer, which is also consistent with our findings. Furthermore, in an analysis of the preoperative immune nutritional status of 244 patients with thymoma who underwent thymectomy, Cui et al. (28) found that preoperative immune nutritional support can effectively reduce postoperative complications for thymoma patients with MG. Additionally, their intervention was found to reduce postoperative infection and the risk of complications and hospitalization.
A growing body of research has recently identified novel prognostic factors for cancer. However, most studies of this type have focused on biomarkers, which require complicated molecular and genetic testing (29, 30). The spending and complexity of these tests limit their practical application. By contrast, our study used laboratory test results as prognostic factors as part of routine clinical surveillance. In addition, blood tests routinely used in clinical medicine are more reliable than most tests performed in biological laboratories and do not require specialized equipment or expertise. As a final step in our analysis, we constructed the coNRI-NLR model which combined two independent predictors of prognosis. By comparing the area under the AUC curve, the model was found to be superior to the NRI or NLR alone in terms of its prognostic ability.
Our study proposes an efficient coNRI-NLR model that can classify patients into three subgroups with significant differences in recurrence-free survival and overall survival. It can predict the prognosis of patients with thymic epithelial tumors. The model is used as follows: if the patient has a higher NRI (>99.6) and a lower NLR (≤ 2.7) before surgery, it means that the patient may have a better prognosis, If the patient has a lower NRI (≤ 99.6) and a higher NLR (>2.7) before surgery, it is considered that the patient may have a high risk of recurrence. It is recommended that clinicians should fully evaluate the value of postoperative adjuvant therapy to implement the best possible Individualized treatment strategies.
This study has several limitations. First of all, it was a single-center study with a relatively small sample size. Secondly, our study did not analyze other important inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin and C-reactive protein. Finally, this study did not consider postoperative dynamic changes in the related nutritional and immune-inflammatory indices.
Conclusions
Preoperative PNI, NRI, NLR, and SII in patients with thymic epithelial tumors have prognostic value, especially NRI and NLR. Compared with other noninvasive or invasive examination methods, the values required to calculate the NRI and NLR can be obtained relatively easily and at low-cost. In addition, the coNRI-NLR model had better predictive performance than the individual indicators assessed in this study.
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the Wu Jie-Ping Medical Foundation (No. 320.6750.2020-15-7).
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author contributions
G-WM and Y-YH: conception and design of the work and interpretation of data. G-WM: provision of study materials or patients. Y-YH and XL: acquisition of data. S-HL, Y-YH, and YH: analysis of data. Y-YH and S-HL: drafted the manuscript. G-WM, YH, and Y-YH: substantially revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center for providing valuable clinical data, Thanks to our respected pioneer, Professor Tie-Hua Rong, who oriented us to surgical oncology. We thank our patients who silently provided data. Finally, we are grateful to Editage (https://app.editage.com/) for its excellent polishing work.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.868336/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure 1KM analysis of T stage (A), WHO (B), BMI (C), and ALB (D) based on overall survival.
Supplementary Figure 2KM analysis of A/G (A) and Drinking history (B) based on overall survival.
Supplementary Figure 3KM analysis of T stage, WHO, BMI and ALB based on overall survival.
- NLR
neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
- HGB
hemoglobin
- ALB
albumin
- A/G
albumin/globulin
- BMI
body mass index
- SII
systemic immune-inflammation Index
- PLR
platelet-lymphocyte ratio
- PNI
prognostic nutritional index
- NRI
nutritional risk index
- pT stage, Pathological T stage OS
overall survival
- RFS
recurrence-free survival
- TC
thymic carcinoma
- HR
hazard ratio
- CI
confidence interval
- ROC
receiver operating characteristic curve
- AUC
area under the curve
- TET
thymic epithelial tumor.
Abbreviations
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Summary
Keywords
thymic epithelial tumor, prognostic factor, nutritional risk index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, overall survival, recurrence free survival
Citation
Huang Y-Y, Liang S-H, Hu Y, Liu X and Ma G-W (2022) Prognostic Value of Preoperative Nutritional Assessment and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients With Thymic Epithelial Tumors. Front. Nutr. 9:868336. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868336
Received
02 February 2022
Accepted
17 June 2022
Published
08 July 2022
Volume
9 - 2022
Edited by
Kalliopi-Anna Poulia, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
Reviewed by
Mehul S. Raval, Ahmedabad University, India; Masahiro Yanagiya, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Huang, Liang, Hu, Liu and Ma.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Guo-Wei Ma magw@sysucc.org.cn
This article was submitted to Clinical Nutrition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Nutrition
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.