Personalized probiotic strategy considering bowel habits: impacts on gut microbiota composition and alleviation of gastrointestinal symptoms via Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome

Introduction

Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled exploration of the human gut microbiome, which is a reservoir of diverse microorganisms crucial for overall health (1). Extensive projects such as the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) and Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract (MetaHIT) have highlighted the profound influence of microbiome diversity and compositional clusters on various aspects of human physiology (2, 3). Notably, recent elucidation of the mechanisms through which the gut microbiome directly regulates gut motility underscores its pivotal role in health maintenance (4).

Functional gastrointestinal disorders encompassing constipation and diarrhea collectively affect approximately 40% of the global population, significantly impacting their quality of life (5). Constipation is characterized by hard stools or associated straining, whereas diarrhea manifests as loose stools and abdominal pain, potentially leading to dehydration, malabsorption, and electrolyte imbalance (6). Despite these disparate symptoms, gut dysbiosis is a common factor (7).

Probiotics, defined as “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host” have traditionally been employed to manage gastrointestinal disorders, including constipation and diarrhea (8, 9). By restoring gut microbiome balance and reinforcing intestinal barrier function, probiotics offer a promising avenue to alleviate symptoms and enhance gut health (10).

However, probiotic efficacy exhibits interindividual variability. Responses to probiotic interventions differ and are influenced by variations in gut microbiome diversity, microbial composition, and metabolic profiles (11). To address this variability, the concept of “personalized probiotics” has emerged, where probiotic interventions are tailored to individual gut microbiome characteristics (12). Different gut microbiome profiles are associated with ethnicity, age, diet, lifestyle, and stool consistency (13–15). Notably, stool consistency, a primary indicator distinguishing constipation from diarrhea, significantly impacts gut microbiome composition and diversity (13, 16). Prior research on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) emphasized the need for distinct therapeutic strategies based on stool patterns (constipation or diarrhea) (7). However, attempts to develop probiotic prescriptions that address bowel symptoms remain limited.

This study aimed to explore the potential of personalized probiotics as effective interventions for managing distinct stool patterns (constipation and diarrhea) by investigating their impact on gut microbiome states and clinical symptoms. By focusing on the influence of gut microbes on bowel habits, we examined the practicality of tailored probiotics through stool microbiome analysis and a clinical symptom assessment.

Ultimately, this study aimed to elucidate the interplay between the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal health and contribute to the development of efficacious therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal disorders through personalized probiotic prescriptions.

Materials and methods

Participant recruitment

The research protocol underwent ethical review and approval by the Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy (KoNIBP) (IRB: P01-202209-06-001) before participant recruitment. This study was registered in the Korean Clinical Trial Registry (CRIS; trial number KCT0009111). Prior to enrolment, all participants received an explanation of the study plan and provided voluntary informed consent, including the right to withdraw from the study without prejudice. Data confidentiality and security were ensured via regular monitoring throughout the study.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Adults aged 19–75 years with bowel irregularities were recruited from the website of Chong Kun Dang Healthcare. Participants were categorized based on the major symptoms of functional constipation and diarrhea according to the ROME IV criteria (6). The Insensitive Gut (IG) group consisted of individuals with a Bristol Stool Score (BSS) ≤2, bowel movements ≤2 times per week, excessive straining during defecation, or a sense of incomplete evacuation. The Sensitive Gut (SG) group included individuals with a BSS ≥5, bowel movements ≥2 times daily, or discomfort during defecation. The exclusion criteria encompassed pregnant, breastfeeding, or intending-to-conceive women; individuals using dietary supplements or medications affecting gastrointestinal function; and those who underwent gastrointestinal surgery.

Study design

This study employed a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial design to investigate the efficacy of personalized probiotic prescriptions for constipation and diarrhea-related stool patterns. Remote assessments were conducted at the baseline, intervention period, and endpoint at the R&D Center of Chong Kun Dang Healthcare. Participants completed online questionnaires through a link provided for remote screening. The screening phase assessed the eligibility and exclusion criteria, and baseline and endpoint fecal samples were collected for microbiome analysis. A two-week washout period preceded probiotic intervention, and probiotic and prebiotic consumption was prohibited during the intervention period. The wash-out period was enforced to eliminate any potential influence on the composition of gut microbiome from routine probiotic intake. The intervention lasted for four weeks, and compliance was monitored through daily intake logs. Participants with insensitive and sensitive bowels were randomly assigned to the test or placebo group using a blocked randomization method, with blinding maintained throughout the study.

Probiotic intervention

The IG and SG groups received personalized probiotic interventions: Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome, respectively. Consti-Biome was formulated with six probiotic strains, including SynBalance® SmilinGut (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PBS067, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRH020 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL050; Roelmi HPC), L. plantarum UALp-05 (Chr. Hansen), Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 (Chr. Hansen), and Streptococcus thermophilus CKDB027 (Chong Kun Dang Bio). Sensi-Biome also comprised six probiotic species, including B. lactis UABla-12 (Chr. Hansen), B. bifidum BB-06 (Danisco), L. acidophilus DDS-1 (Chr. Hansen), L. plantarum UALp-05, S. thermophilus CKDB027, and Lactococcus lactis MG5125 (Mediogen). The probiotic and placebo capsules were manufactured and packaged by Seoheung Healthcare Co., Ltd. (Cheong-Ju, Korea). Probiotic capsules were formulated to provide a daily dose of 1 × 10¹⁰ colony-forming units (CFU) per capsule (potency of not less than 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day). The placebo consisted of maltodextrin and contained the same amount of excipients (corn starch and rice powder) as the probiotic capsules. The probiotic and placebo capsules were visually and structurally indistinguishable.

Questionnaires and assessment metrics

The BSS and stool frequency were used to assess improvements in bowel habits. The BSS employed a 7-point scale of illustrations from which participants could choose, whereas stool frequency required participants to select one of four options: 1 (less than three times a week), 2 (3–4 times a week), 3 (five times a week to once daily), and 4 (twice daily or more). Additionally, the amelioration of gut symptoms was evaluated by assessing incomplete evacuation, straining, urgency, abdominal discomfort, and abdominal pain. Each gut symptom questionnaire was rated on a 5-point Likert scale.

Sample collection and microbiome analysis

Fecal samples were collected using fecal collection kits (NBG-1C; NobleBio Inc., Hwaseong, Korea) containing a preservative buffer for microbiome analysis. The samples were shipped to the laboratory and stored at −80°C until further processing. Genomic DNA was extracted from the thawed samples using the Omega Mag-Bind DNA Prep Kit (Omega Bio-tek Inc., Norcross, GA, United States), and the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplified using the 515F–806R primer pair (17). PCR products were sequenced on an Illumina i-Seq 100 system (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States) at the R&D Center of the Chong Kun Dang Healthcare (Seoul, Korea). Sequence data were subjected to clustering of OTU representative sequences at 98% using a pipeline generated in the CLC Genomics Workbench 22.0 (QIAGEN, Aarhus, Denmark) at the R&D Center of the Chong Kun Dang Healthcare. Taxonomic richness was calculated using the SILVA 115 database (18) as the reference database. Differential abundance analysis (DAA) was performed using an embedded tool in the CLC Genomics Workbench. Rarefaction depth was determined based on the minimum read count per sample, and alpha diversity indices computed using the “microbiome” package in the R statistical software [v3.1.0; (19)]. Beta diversity indices were calculated using the “vegan” package, whereas Spearman’s correlation and scatter plot analyses executed and visualized using the “ggplot2” package. For post-intervention microbiome marker exploration, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis was conducted using the “MicrobiomeMarker” package.

Statistical analysis

Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare bowel habit assessments, alpha diversity indices, and relative abundances of the gut microbiota within the groups before and after intervention. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with Bonferroni correction were used to compare post-intervention characteristics between the test and placebo groups. PERMANOVA was used to compare beta diversity. Statistical analyses were conducted using R statistical software in the RStudio environment, with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

Participant recruitment and baseline characteristics

A total of 78 participants aged between 19–75 years who self-reported experiencing bowel movement issues were recruited from September–November 2022. Among the recruited participants, 20 were excluded from the intervention because they did not meet the inclusion criteria or had met the exclusion criteria, such as reporting no disorders or being older. A total of 58 participants successfully passed the screening process and were categorized into the IG (n = 28) and SG groups (n = 30) based on their bowel habits. Through block-randomized allocation, the IG group comprised 14 participants in the intervention group and 14 in the placebo group, whereas the SG group consisted of 15 participants in both the intervention and placebo groups. During the intervention, all participants in the IG group completed the consumption, whereas four participants in the SG group, dropped out because of voluntary withdrawal and compliance failure (Figure 1). There were no statistically significant differences in clinical characteristics, baseline symptoms, age, or sex between the intervention and placebo groups in either of the IG and SG groups (Table 1).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Participant flow chart.

Table 1

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants in the Insensitive Gut (n = 28) and Sensitive Gut (n = 26) groups.

Bowel habit improvement

In the IG group, no significant differences in stool consistency (assessed using the BSS) and frequency were observed between the probiotics (CB) (3.4 ± 1.7 and 2.6 ± 1.1, respectively) and placebo (CP) groups (3.8 ± 0.6 and 2.9 ± 0.7, respectively) at the 4-week endpoint. Among the gut symptoms, there were no significant differences in reduction of straining and abdominal pain between the CB (1.9 ± 0.7 and 1.2 ± 0.4, respectively) and CP groups (1.9 ± 0.8 and 1.5 ± 0.9, respectively). However, a trend of reduced straining (p = 0.056) and a significant decrease in urgency (p = 0.037) and abdominal pain (p = 0.048) were observed in the CB group. In contrast, no significant changes in straining (p = 0.24), urgency (p = 1), or abdominal pain (p = 0.77) were observed in the CP group (Figures 2A,C).

Figure 2

Figure 2. Impact of Consti-Biome (CB; n = 14) and Sensi-Biome (SB; n = 13) on gastrointestinal symptoms in the Insensitive Gut and Sensitive Gut groups compared with that in each placebo group (CP and SP; n = 14 and n = 13, respectively). Stool consistency and frequency measurements (A,B) and evaluations of other gastrointestinal symptoms (C,D) during the 4-week intervention period. These were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum and signed-rank tests.

For the SG group, at the 4-week endpoint, stool consistency significantly improved in the probiotics (SB) group (3.2 ± 1.1) compared with that in the placebo (SP) group (4.7 ± 0.9), whereas stool frequency showed no significant change. Although no significant differences were observed in gut symptoms after four weeks, a trend of reduced incomplete evacuation (p = 0.071) was evident in the SB group (Figures 2B,D).

Microbiome modulation

Alpha diversity analyses, including Shannon, Chao1, inverse Simpson, and observed OTU indices, were performed on both the probiotics and placebo groups within the IG and SG groups at the 4-week endpoint or before and after intervention within each group. No significant differences in alpha diversity were observed between the groups (Supplementary Table S1). Beta diversity analysis, based on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity using PCoA, and PERMANOVA, showed that there were no significant differences in beta diversity between the probiotics and placebo groups at the 4-week endpoint or before and after intervention within each group (Supplementary Figure S1A).

To investigate the role of personalized microbiome modulation in the IG and SG groups, DAA of specific gut microbial taxa at the family level was performed. In the IG group, the following taxa differed significantly: Succinivibrionaceae (p < 0.01), Micrococcaceae (p < 0.01), Porphyromonadaceae (p = 0.01), Prevotellaceae (p = 0.01), Peptococcaceae (p = 0.03), and Alcaligenaceae (p = 0.03). Characteristic taxa in the SG group were Enterococcaceae (p < 0.01), Planococcaceae (p < 0.01), Enterobacteriaceae (p < 0.01), Nocardiaceae (p < 0.01), and Staphylococcaceae (p = 0.02) (Table 2).

Table 2

Table 2. Characteristic microbial taxa at the family level for the Insensitive Gut (n = 28) and Sensitive Gut (n = 26) groups at baseline.

The six strains of probiotics in Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome significantly increased in relative abundance after intervention in the probiotics groups (CB and SB) groups, whereas no significant changes were observed in the placebo groups (CP and SP). Moreover, the probiotics groups showed a significantly higher abundance of these strains than in the placebo groups at the 4-week endpoint (Figure 3).

Figure 3

Figure 3. Relative abundance of probiotic strains in the Consti-Biome (CB; n = 14) and Sensi-Biome (SB; n = 13) groups before and after intervention, compared with that of the respective placebo groups (CP and SP; n = 14 and n = 13, respectively). Relative abundances in the (A) CB and CP, (B) SB and SP groups. Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome consist of six strains each, represented as five strains in the figure owing to Consti-Biome containing two strains with identical species (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed for each comparison, and significance levels denoted with the following symbols: ns (not significant), ** (p < 0.01), and **** (p < 0.0001). Additionally, comparisons between the CB and SB groups and the corresponding placebo groups (CP and SP) after intervention also showed significant differences (data not shown).

Relative abundances of major gut microbiota at the phylum, family, and genus levels were assessed before and after intervention. After intervention, the CB group showed an increase in the abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia and a decrease in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, whereas these changes were not observed in the CP group (Supplementary Figure S2A). The log Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was also significantly higher in the CB group (p = 0.031) (Figure 4A). At the family level, the CB group exhibited a decreased abundance of Acidaminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Porphyromonadaceae and increased abundance of Coriobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae. In contrast, the CP group showed decreased Bifidobacteriaceae and increased Prevotellaceae abundances (Supplementary Figure S2B). Although no significant changes were observed before and after intervention, Erysipelotrichaceae abundance was significantly higher in the CB group at the 4-week endpoint (p = 0.014) (Figure 4B).

Figure 4

Figure 4. Comparison of the relative abundances of prominent microbial taxa in the gut microbiota after probiotic intervention in the Insensitive Gut and Sensitive Gut groups (CB and SB; n = 14 and n = 13, respectively) as well as their respective placebo groups (CP and SP; n = 14 and n = 13, respectively). (A) Log Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and (B) relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae in the Insensitive Gut group. (C) Log F/B ratio and (D) relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae in the Sensitive Gut group. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were conducted to assess significance.

Similar trends were observed in the SG group, with increases in the abundance of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia and decreases in that of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria at the phylum level after intervention (Supplementary Figure S2D). Additionally, after intervention, the SB group displayed higher abundances of Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia than those in the SP group. However, no significant changes were observed before and after intervention. At the family level, the SB group showed a decreased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Veillonellaceae and increased abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Ruminococcaceae. Conversely, the SP group showed a decreased abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae (Supplementary Figure S2E). At the 4-week endpoint, the SB group showed no statistically significant differences in the log Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, but exhibited a significantly higher abundance of Lactobacillaceae compared to the SP group (p < 0.01) (Figures 4C,D).

Using LEfSe, a biomarker discovery tool based on linear discriminant analysis, probiotics and placebo group-specific microbial markers were identified. In the IG group, Peptostreptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Leuconostocaceae were enriched in the CB group, whereas Prevotellaceae, Eubacteriaceae, and Paenibacillaceae were enriched in the CP group at the 4-week endpoint (Figures 5A,B). For the SG group, Lactobacillaceae, Victivallaceae, Micrococcaceae, and Rhodobacteraceae were characteristic of the SB group, whereas the Firmicutes-related Family XIII Incertae Sedis and Bacteroidetes-related Uncultured bacterium were enriched in the SP group (Figures 5C,D).

Figure 5

Figure 5. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) after probiotic intervention in the Insensitive Gut and Sensitive Gut groups (CB and SB; n = 14 and n = 13, respectively), as well as their respective placebo groups (CP and SP; n = 14 and n = 13, respectively). (A) Comparison of effect sizes between the CB and CP groups after intervention. (B) Abundance plot comparing the CB and CP groups. (C) Comparison of effect sizes between the SB and SP groups after intervention. (D) Abundance plot comparing the SB and SP groups. The significance level was set at p < 0.1 for the identified biomarkers. Significance levels are denoted in the abundance plot as follows: * (p < 0.05) and ** (p < 0.01).

Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman’s correlation to examine the relationship between specific characteristic microbial taxa identified through DAA and the relative abundance of intestinal probiotics after intervention in the CB and SB groups. Negative correlations were observed between characteristic indicator taxa and the relative abundance of intestinal probiotics in both the IG and SG groups (Figure 6). Notably, significant correlations were observed in the SB Group (p = 0.034) (Figure 6B).

Figure 6

Figure 6. Spearman’s correlation depicting the relative abundance of probiotics and specific taxa in the Insensitive Gut (IG; n = 28) and Sensitive Gut (SG; n = 26) groups in the multi-strain probiotics intervention groups (CB and SB; n = 14 and n = 13, respectively). Scatter plots for the (A) CB and (B) SB groups after intervention.

Discussion

In this clinical study, we conducted a tailored probiotics trial targeting participants with constipation- and diarrhea-dominant symptoms to analyze the separate effects of probiotic supplementation on IG and SG groups with distinct symptoms. This study assessed the efficacy of tailored probiotics by evaluating improvements in bowel habits and gut symptoms, the modulation of beneficial microorganisms, and positive compositional changes in the gut microbiome.

The multi-strain probiotic formulas provided to the participants, Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome, have previously demonstrated efficacy in the management of specific bowel symptoms. For instance, the Consti-Biome formula, SmilinGut, exhibited efficacy in alleviating constipation symptoms in patients with constipation-predominant IBS (20). In vitro experiments with Consti-Biome have shown inhibitory effects against specific harmful bacteria (21), and in vivo studies in constipation-induced rat models demonstrated improved intestinal motility due to loperamide administration (22). Sensi-Biome includes various strains, such as L. acidophilus DDS-1 and B. lactis UABla-12, which are effective in managing abnormal stool consistency and abdominal pain in patients with IBS (23). In vitro inhibitory effects against specific harmful bacteria (21) and improvement in intestinal motility in an acetate-induced diarrhea rat model (unpublished data) were also observed for Sensi-Biome. This study represents the first application of Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome probiotic formulas in humans and provides important results supporting the clinical efficacy of tailored probiotics and their ability to modulate the human gut microbiome.

In the IG group, reductions in abdominal pain, urgency and straining were observed in the probiotics (CB) group after Consti-Biome intervention. These results suggest that probiotics have a positive impact on improving constipation symptoms. Notably, the symptoms of straining are used to diagnose functional constipation under the ROME IV criteria (6). In the SG group, the probiotics (SB) group showed improved stool consistency based on the BSS after Sensi-Biome intervention. Although no significant difference was observed in incomplete evacuation, a trend towards reduction was observed in the SB group, contrasting with that in the placebo (SP) group. BSS serves as a marker for colonic transit time (24) and is a key factor in distinguishing diarrhea and constipation-predominant subtypes of IBS (25, 26).

However, the improvement in symptoms was not specific to the IG or SG groups, and the degree of improvement was mild, with some cases showing better efficacy in the placebo group, such as for the incomplete evacuation in the IG placebo (CP) group. Considering some reported clinical cases of probiotic strains found in Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome, the relatively short 4-week intervention duration compared with the 12-week intake might explain the limited improvement of symptoms (20, 23).

Probiotic supplementation in each group was confirmed by a significant increase in specific bacterial strains. Notably, the collective abundance of specific taxa unique to the IG group, including Succinivibrionaceae, Micrococcaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Peptococcaceae, and Alcaligenaceae, was negatively correlated with an increase in Consti-Biome (Figure 6A). Some of these taxa, such as Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Alcaligenaceae, have been reported to be associated with constipation symptoms in previous studies (27–29). In the SG group, distinctive taxa, including Enterococcaceae, Planococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Nocardiaceae, and Staphylococcaceae showed a negative correlation with an increase in Sensi-Biome (Figure 6B). Among these, Enterococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcaceae have been linked to diarrhea symptoms (27, 30, 31).

In the CB group, a significant increase in beneficial strains such as Firmicutes and Erysipelotrichaceae, known for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, was supported by composition analysis and LEfSe results (Figures 5A,B). SCFAs produced by gut bacteria contribute to serotonin (5-HT) synthesis and secretion in enterochromaffin cells, regulating gut motility through the direct stimulation of TPH1 (32). This suggests a mechanistic explanation for the relief of constipation symptoms mediated by Consti-Biome, consistent with previous in vivo findings (22). Other microbial markers highlighted by LEfSe also indicated the positive effect of Consti-Biome on beneficial gut microbiota composition. The decreased abundance of Prevotellaceae in the CB group compared with that in the CP group may suggest an alleviation of inflammation (33), whereas the scarcity of Eubacteriaceae, which has been associated with reduced intestinal motility and IBS severity (34, 35), is in line with the findings in the CP group. Moreover, the increase in Peptostreptococcaceae, which is correlated with increased bowel movements (36), and SCFA-producing Erysipelotrichaceae (37) along with health-promoting lactate-producing groups, such as Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae (38), support the positive effects of Consti-Biome.

In the SB group, the microbial composition and LEfSe results reflected an increase in Lactobacillaceae, indicating the activation of known beneficial microbes (21–23) (Figures 5C,D). Furthermore, in addition to the Uncultured and Incertae Sedis groups, other microbial markers such as Victivallaceae (39), negatively correlated with abdominal cramping and pain, Micrococcaceae (40) contributed to mucosal barrier protection and immune response stimulation, and the rarely encountered Rhodobacteraceae (41, 42) in cases of diarrhea, presented characteristic microbial indicators in the SB group.

Hence, Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome probiotic formulas have the potential to improve the symptoms of constipation and diarrhea by modulating specific indicator taxa, promoting SCFA-producing bacteria, and regulating microbial biomarkers associated with inflammation and pain. Constipation and diarrhea are distinct clinical symptoms (6), and their microbial profiles have consistently exhibited variations related to each symptom (7, 27). Despite the feasibility of tailored probiotic approaches, attempts to prescribe symptom-specific probiotics are relatively limited. This study suggests the possibility of tailored probiotic prescriptions through microbial modulation and symptom improvement and underscores the need for clinical approaches that individualize probiotics for the targeted characteristics of each study subject. These findings offer insights into understanding the role of the gut microbiota in gastrointestinal health, fostering the development of therapeutic approaches for digestive disorders through microbial manipulation. However, further research and confirmation are warranted to advance clinically applicable probiotic therapies, considering the characteristics of individual study participants: there were some limitations to this study. In this clinical trial, there were a small number of participants, which limits the generalizability of the conclusions. In addition, short-term recruitment of participants based on self-reporting of constipation and diarrhea symptoms may lead to inconsistencies in symptom presentation. It is possible that different levels of intensity and frequency of symptoms exist among study participants because these symptoms result from various factors, such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. Consequently, long-term symptoms assessments with larger sample sizes must be used in future studies in order to maintain symptom consistency.

Among the aforementioned taxa, there are instances that do not specifically align with previous research findings on bowel habits. For instance, Prevotellaceae, which are related to microbial features in the IG group, have been reported to be associated with enterotypes and rapid gut transit, in contrast to the existing results (16). This may be due to the influence of ethnicity, age, sex, and diet on these taxa or microbial diversity (2, 14, 43). Although they may not be distinctly segregated in terms of constipation and diarrhea, they could be linked to the inflammation associated with dysbiosis, potentially contributing to the exacerbation of gastrointestinal disorders due to weakened intestinal cell function (33).

Although this study analyzed the clinical effects of probiotic consumption tailored to two types of bowel habits, it did not consider metabolomic analysis. Recent evidence showing close associations between metabolic pathways and over 95% of fecal metabolites underscores the need to understand complex interactions between the microbiome and human metabolic environment (44). From this perspective, this study lacks a comprehensive understanding of the potential efficacy of probiotics in modulating the microbiome and metabolic pathways. Future research on probiotics should accurately assess microbial metabolic activity and contribute to a better understanding of their impact on human health.

The results presented in this study demonstrate the potential clinical applicability of tailored probiotics. It is still necessary to conduct further research to enlarge the participation pool by incorporating variables such as ethnicity, diet, and lifestyle. In addition, larger sample sizes are required for long-term studies to produce more robust and reliable results. In the future, this research could provide a better understanding of the potential benefits of probiotic prescriptions tailored to individuals with compromised intestinal function.

Conclusion

The consumption of Consti-Biome significantly improved urgency and abdominal pain compared with the placebo group. In addition, participants who consumed Sensi-Biome showed distinct improvements in stool consistency compared with placebo groups. From a gut microbiome perspective, it was observed that, depending on the bowel habit, the probiotics either enhanced microbial biomarkers associated with bowel motility, such as Erysipelotrichaceae, or modulated microbial biomarkers related to inflammation mitigation, such as Lactobacillaceae. These findings emphasize the potential of using personalized probiotics based on bowel habits. The results of this study also underscore the need for a multidimensional approach, including long-term consumption and observation, consideration of individual variations, and metabolomics when assessing the efficacy of personalized probiotics. Further research informed by a deeper understanding of patients with bowel disorders could facilitate the employment of effective, tailored probiotic treatments.

Data availability statement

The sequences reported in this study are deposited in the ‘Sequence Read Archive’ under the accession number PRJNA1036719.

Ethics statement

This clinical study was reviewed and approved by the Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy (KoNIBP) (IRB: P01-202209-06-001). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

UM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Y-JJ: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. YJ: Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. JL: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. B-YK: Validation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

This study received funding from Chong Kun Dang Healthcare. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. All authors declare no other competing interests.

Conflict of interest

All authors are employed Chong Kun Dang Healthcare. All authors declare that they acquired strains from various companies (Roelmi HPC, Chr. Hansen, Chong Kun Dang Bio, Danisco, and Mediogen) without any associated financial interests that could be considered relevant to the submitted work.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1302093/full#supplementary-material

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