Abstract
Practical aspects of the robust method we proposed for producing few-cycle attosecond pulses with arbitrary waveform in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range are studied numerically. It is based on the undulator radiation of relativistic ultrathin electron layers produced by laser-driven energy modulation. By using realistic specifications, we show that isolated waveform-controlled extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses at 5 nm with 10 nJ energy and 20 as pulse duration, at 20 nm with 90 nJ energy and 80 as pulse duration, and at 60 nm with 200 nJ energy and 240 as duration can be generated, respectively.
PACS numbers: 41.60.Cr, 41.50.+h, 41.75.Ht
Introduction
In recent years a few phenomena sensitive to the carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) of ultrashort laser pulses were recognized [1, 2]. Waveform-controlled few-cycle laser pulses enabled the generation of isolated attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral range and their application to the study of electron dynamics in atoms, molecules, and solids [3]. The observation of inner-atomic (strong-field) phenomena and EUV pump—EUV probe measurements require intense CEP-controlled attosecond pulses [4–6]. EUV pump—EUV probe experiments can be carried out at free-electron lasers (FELs) [7, 8]; however, the temporal resolution is limited to the few fs regime.
Various schemes, such as the longitudinal space charge amplifier [9], emittance spoiler foil technique [10, 11], wave selection technique [12], or enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission (E-SASE) [13, 14], were proposed for attosecond pulse generation at FELs. High current modulation technique were suggested to generate isolated attosecond pulses in X-ray region [15, 16]. Recently described schemes suggest the possibility of sub-attosecond pulse generation in the hard-X-ray region [17], and single-cycle FEL pulse generation in the THz [18] and in the X-ray region [19].
However, the stochastic pulse shape predicted for the pulses generated by these methods is disadvantageous. Furthermore, there are no reliable techniques available for CEP control of these or any other attosecond pulse sources. In contrast, recently we proposed and numerically investigated a robust method for producing waveform-controlled linearly and circularly polarized CEP-stable attosecond pulses in the EUV spectral range [20–22]. The analytical investigation of this concept was carried out by Shamuilov et al. [23]. It uses relativistic electron bunches from a linear accelerator (LINAC), and relies on ultrathin nanoscale-length electron layers (nanobunches) generated by laser-driven energy modulation, and on undulator radiation. In this setup waveform-controlled attosecond pulse generation is possible, unparalleled by other similar setups, where the predicted pulse energy and the short wavelength are imposing, but the waveform is stochastic [14].
In the present paper, a more detailed investigation is carried out on the feasibility of this technique. Practically important aspects were numerically studied. The dependence of the attosecond pulse energy on the radiation wavelength, and undulator parameter were also studied, together with a possible way for isolated attosecond pulse generation.
The Investigated Setup And The Simulation Methods
The scheme of the setup proposed in Ref. [20] and further investigated in this work is shown in Figure 1. This scheme is very similar to the ultrahigh harmonics generation scheme of Ref. [24], which is the simplest version of the high gain harmonic generation (HGHG) technique, however, there is no gain in the modulator. Recently such a scheme was further investigated [25], and it was shown that according to the calculation generation of harmonics to an order as high as 1000 is possible. In order to generate coherent attosecond pulses, nanometer scale electron modulation is needed. Thus, the FEL community investigated and proposed some sophisticated modulation techniques, such as the π shifter technique [26], echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) [27] or cooled HGHG [28], which increase the frequency up-conversion efficiency.
Figure 1
In our scheme the simplest combination, i.e., one modulator (MU) and one radiator (RU) undulator were used. Compared to Ref. [24, 25], our scheme uses a radiator undulator that consists only of a few periods (no exponential gain inside), and the generated radiation wavelength is arbitrary, i.e., independent from the wavelength of the modulator laser (which is usually called the seed). Furthermore, in our calculations we investigated the temporal shape of the radiation field (not only its spectrum).
In our modell the relativistic electron beam from a LINAC is sent through a modulator undulator where a TW-power laser beam is superimposed on it and introduces a periodic energy modulation of the electrons along the longitudinal (z) direction. This energy modulation leads to the formation of nanobunches at the end of the chicane behind the MU. Evidently, efficient generation of coherent and non-stochastic radiation pulses is possible only if the nanobunch length is shorter than the half period of the radiation. As our aim was to generate coherent EUV radiation in the 10 to 100 nm wavelength range, the minimization of the nanobunch length down to the sub-10-nm range was essential.
The nanobunched electron beam then passes through the radiator undulator consisting of a single period or of a few periods, depending on the desired waveform, and it emits electromagnetic radiation. The entrance of the RU is placed behind the MU at a position where the nanobunch length is the shortest. The wavelength of the generated radiation is determined by the well-known resonance condition [29]
Here, λr is the wavelength of the generated EUV radiation, λRU is the period of the RU, is the undulator parameter, B0,RU is the peak magnetic field of the RU, e and m are the electron charge and mass, respectively, γ is the relativistic factor, and c is the speed of light. The generated radiation waveform is mainly determined by the magnetic field distribution of the RU along the electron beam propagation direction z. For a better comparison of the EUV pulse parameters obtained in the different cases investigated below, the same RU magnetic field distribution
was used throughout this work (see also Figure 1). Here, wRU is the width of the Gaussian envelope and L is the length of the RU. These parameters were set to wRU = 1.5·λRU and L = 2.5·λRU.
In order to consider a realistic situation, the initial electron bunches (Table 1) were used according to the start to end (S2E) simulation of the accelerator of FLASH at DESY in Germany [30–34]. In the energy modulation we assumed a double-period MU with TW-level modulator laser, where ELEGANT [35] and CSRTrack [36] codes were used for the numerical simulation. In the radiator undulator, a similar theoretical model and simulation tools were used as in Ref. [20]. In our calculations we investigated 100 pC and 1000 pC charge scenarios of the FLASH accelerator, where 200,000 and one million macroparticles per bunch were used, respectively (see Table 1).
Table 1
| Parameter | Value | Value |
|---|---|---|
| E-beam energy (γ) | 1,955 | 1,955 |
| E-beam relative slice energy spread (σγ*) | 0.03 % | 0.015 % |
| Bunch charge | 100 pC | 1000 pC |
| Peak current | 2.1 kA | 2.5 kA |
| E-beam length | 30 μm | 160 μm |
| E-beam normalized slice emittance | 0.45 mm mrad | 1.1 mm mrad |
| E-beam radius | 80 μm | 80 μm |
| Laser wavelength (λL) | 516 nm | 516 nm |
| Laser peak power | 10 TW | 10 TW |
| Laser beam waist inside MU | 0.5 mm | 0.5 mm |
Parameters used in the simulations with 100 pC and 1000 pC bunch charges.
When the Coulomb interaction is neglected an approximate expression for the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) length of the nanobunch, Δz0, can be given by analytical derivation [14, 37]:
The relative energy modulation is given by A = Δγ/σγ, where σγ = σγ* γ is the intrinsic energy spread (Table 1) and Δγ is the energy modulation acquired in the MU owing to energy modulation. At large relative modulation (A ≫ 1) the nanobunch becomes much shorter than the laser wavelength.
TW-class table-top light sources with pulse durations comprising only a few optical cycles were intensely developed during the last few years [38, 39]. For example, Herrmann et al. [38] reported a two-stage non-collinear optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) system generating 16-TW, sub-three-cycle (130-mJ, 7.9-fs) pulses at an 805 nm central wavelength. Suitable light pulse sources are also being constructed elsewhere, for example in the Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) project [39]. Here we note that for λr ≳ 20 nm EUV wavelengths λL ≈ 800 nm gives higher EUV pulse energies. Only below ~20 nm is the choice of a shorter laser wavelength (i.e., 516 nm, Table 1] advantageous, because of the shorter nanobunches. Though TW-class few-cycle OPCPA systems around 500 nm central wavelength need yet to be demonstrated, promising techniques are being developed [40–42]. In section III.B we consider the possibilities for isolated attosecond EUV pulse generation, where laser pulses as short as two optical cycles are needed. For the generation of attosecond pulse trains longer laser pulses can be used.
We used the following handbook formula to calculate the electric field of the radiation generated in the RU [43]:
where μ0 is the vacuum permeability, q is the macroparticle charge, is the vector pointing from the position of the macroparticle at the retarded moment to the observation point, is the velocity of the macroparticle, , c is the speed of light. The summation is for all macroparticles. During the radiation process the position, velocity, and acceleration of the macroparticles were traced numerically by taking into account the Lorentz force of the magnetic field of RU. The Coulomb interaction between the macroparticles was neglected during the undulator radiation process, because the transversal electron motion is by four orders of magnitude larger than the motion generated by Coulomb interaction.
Results
Nanobunch Generation
The energy modulation with a high power laser in the MU and the chicane was calculated with ELEGANT and CSRTrack codes, respectively. Despite the use of a TW-level modulator laser, in our calculation a chicane was also used, because it can control the position of the spatial focus of the nanobunch and allows to feed out the modulator laser pulses. The result of the nanobunches in case of 11 different simulations (gray) and their average (red) are shown in Figure 2 after the chicane for PL = 10 TW laser power, in 100 pC and 1000 pC cases, respectively. The obtained energy modulation was Δγ = 134 at KMU = 1.4 and λMU = 1.99 m. The charge of a single nanobunches are 1.1 pC and 1.0 pC and their lengths are as short as 6 nm and 4 nm at 1.25 m behind the end of the modulator undulator. These nanobunches were used in the further calculations to obtain the EUV pulses described in section III.B.
Figure 2
EUV Pulse Generation
The temporal shape of the attosecond EUV pulses emitted by the extremely short electron nanobunches in the RU were calculated at a plane positioned 8 m behind the RU center. The EUV waveform can be conveniently set by the magnetic field distribution of the RU [20]. The distribution of the magnetic field of the RU (blue) and the average of the electric field of the attosecond pulses (red) are shown in Figure 3 for 100 pC and 1000 pC cases, respectively.
Figure 3
The emphasis was on exploring the dependence of the EUV pulse energy on important experimental parameters such as radiation wavelength and RU undulator parameter. The EUV pulse energy as function of the radiation wavelength (λr) in the range of 20÷200 nm is shown in Figure 4, and two different RU undulator parameter values (0.5 and 0.8). The larger EUV pulse energy is obtained with the larger KRU. The undulator parameter can be set to the desired value by adjusting the magnetic field amplitude. The radiation wavelength, given by the resonance condition Equation (1), can be set by the choice of the RU period λRU. As seen in Figure 4, the pulse energy first increases with increasing wavelength, followed by saturation and subsequent energy decrease. The reason of the latter is the longer undulator period needed to generate longer wavelengths. Due to the associated longer path inside the RU the average nanobunch length and transversal size increases [21], thereby reducing coherence in the radiation process. As shown in Figure 4B for 20 and 120 nm cases, the nanobunch lengths are increased by 350 and 2,400% at the end of the radiator undulator (red and blue curves), respectively. We note that for the generation of waveform-controlled pulses at longer wavelengths longer nanobunches (and lower modulator laser power) can be used more advantageously.
Figure 4
In the second calculation series the electron bunch with 100 pC was used and the RU undulator parameter was varied in the range of KRU = 0.1÷1.9 and the λRU undulator period was chosen such that for each value of KRU the radiation wavelength was kept at 20 and 60 nm, respectively. For both wavelengths, the EUV pulse energy is proportional to below about KRU = 0.7, followed by saturation at larger KRU (Figure 5A). The reason of the saturation is that a larger KRU results in more pronounced harmonics of the radiation wavelength (see Figure 5B, where the spectra of the EUV pulses for three different KRU values for the 20-nm case is shown). However, the spectral components of the shorter wavelengths are suppressed by the destructive interference, which results in the saturation of the energy.
Figure 5
According to the calculations, single-cycle 20-as pulses with more than 10 nJ energy at 5 nm, 80-as pulses with more than 200 nJ energy at 20 nm, and 240-as pulses with more than 650 nJ energy at 60 nm can be generated.
Since in our setup the electron bunch consists of multiple nanobunches separated by the modulation laser wavelength, a pulse sequence is generated. The ratio of separation time to pulse duration is smaller than 40. This can be too small for certain applications. One possibility for increasing this ratio substantially is to use two modulation lasers with significantly different wavelengths [13, 44]. We investigated another possibility for isolated CEP stable attosecond pulse generation, namely the shortening of the modulator pulse duration. The modulator laser produces an energy modulation with a temporal profile that closely resembles the waveform of the laser electric field. We assumed a sine-like waveform, corresponding to zero CEP and zero energy modulation at the maximum of the laser pulse envelope, like in Ref. [13, 14]. The energy modulation produces current modulations, where a central and an even number of satellite peaks occure (the corresponding satellite peak amplitudes are substantially similar). In our simulations, the modulator laser pulses consist only of a few optical cycles (Figure 6A). Figure 6B shows the calculated waveform of the main attosecond pulse and the neighboring satellite pulses for a few different modulator laser pulse durations. As the modulating pulse duration is decreased below about 5 cycles or 8 fs the peak amplitude of the satellite attosecond pulses start to significantly decrease. Modulator pulses with less than about 2.0 cycles or 3.4 fs are able to generate CEP stable isolated attosecond pulses. In this case, the energy of the satellite pulses is only about 1–2% of the main attosecond pulse. We have to note that the CEP of the modulator pulse strongly influences the degree of isolation of the generated attosecond pulse. However, it does not determine the CEP of the attosecond pulse.
Figure 6
Finally, we compare our results to the experimental performance of attosecond EUV pulse sources based on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gas or plasma driven by high-intensity optical pulses [3, 45]. Isolated attosecond pulses (IAPs) can be generated by few-cycle driving pulses or by using gating techniques with longer pulses [45]. Typical IAP energies are in the sub-nJ to 10 nJ range. The shortest pulse duration reported to date was 67 as; the wavelength range was ~10 to 20 nm [46]. CEP-stable single-cycle 130-as IAPs were reported with an estimated CEP fluctuation of 140 mrad [43]. However, no pulse energy was given in these works [45–47]. Recently, the generation of 500-as IAPs with 1.3 μJ energy at ~30 eV was demonstrated [48]. Trains of attosecond pulses with an energy on the μJ scale can be generated by using many-cycle driving pulses. Significantly higher pulse and photon energies are expected from laser-produced plasmas [45, 49], though the full potential of this method needs yet to be demonstrated.
In comparison, as shown above, similar shortest pulse durations can be achieved with our method as by HHG, at comparable wavelengths. However, unparalleled by any other source reported so far, our method easily enables the full control of the attosecond pulse waveform.
Conclusion
In summary, practical aspects of the method proposed in our previous work [20] for stable arbitrary-waveform attosecond EUV pulse generation were investigated in detail by means of numerical simulations. The scaling of the generated attosecond EUV pulse energy with various parameters (λr, KRU) was studied. For example, the nanobunches were predicted to emit 20-as EUV pulses at λr = 5 nm with 10 nJ energy, 80-as EUV pulses at λr = 20 nm with 90 nJ energy, and 240-as pulses at λr = 60 nm with 200 nJ energy for KRU = 0.5. At longer generated wavelength or larger KRU the generation of EUV pulses with more than 500 nJ energy can be possible. The shortening of the modulator laser pulse duration was discussed for the generation of isolated attosecond pulses.
The proposed scheme can enable the development of practical sources of CEP stable attosecond EUV pulses using existing LINACs. These unprecedented pulses can be used for example in EUV pump—EUV probe experiments in the near future.
Statements
Author contributions
ZT, GT, AN, and AG contributed conception and design of the study. JF, JH, and GA wrote the sections of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
Financial support from Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA) grant No. 125808 and 129134 are acknowledged. The project has been supported by the European Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund Grant no.: EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004 entitled by Comprehensive Development for Implementing Smart Specialization Strategies at the University of Pécs; EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00005 entitled by Ultrafast physical processes in atoms, molecules, nanostructures and biology structures.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
free elecron lasers, attosecond, carrier-envelope phase, waveform, undulator radiation
Citation
Tibai Z, Tóth G, Nagyváradi A, Gyöngy A, Fülöp JA, Hebling J and Almási G (2018) Carrier-Envelope-Phase Controlled Attosecond Pulse Generation by Undulator Radiation. Front. Phys. 6:140. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2018.00140
Received
01 September 2018
Accepted
22 November 2018
Published
10 December 2018
Volume
6 - 2018
Edited by
Arya Fallahi, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Germany
Reviewed by
Ilia L. Rasskazov, University of Rochester, United States; Junichi Fujikata, Photonics Electronics Technology Research Association, Japan; Roman Spesyvtsev, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom
Updates
Copyright
© 2018 Tibai, Tóth, Nagyváradi, Gyöngy, Fülöp, Hebling and Almási.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zoltán Tibai tibai@fizika.ttk.pte.hu
This article was submitted to Optics and Photonics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physics
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