Electronic and Superconducting Properties of Some FeSe-Based Single Crystals and Films Grown Hydrothermally

Introduction

Iron-based superconductors [1] have received extensive attention because of their rich physics, including magnetic and nematic instabilities, electronic correlations, and quantum phenomena [2–9]. As the second class of high-T_c materials after the discovery of cuprate superconductors, the iron-based superconductors are also promising for practical application owing to their large critical current density, high upper critical field, and small anisotropy [10–17]. The recent observation of Majorana zero modes in iron-based superconductors implies a potentiality for future application in topological quantum calculating [18–21]. Unlike an electronic configuration of Cu-3d⁹ in the cuprates, the iron-based compounds have an electronic configuration of Fe-3d⁶ and a small crystal-field splitting [2, 7, 22–24]. An immediate consequence of this is that all the five Fe-3d orbitals could be involved in the low-energy interactions [25], giving rise to the multiband nature of the iron-based superconductivity, and the complexity and multiplicity of the normal-state properties. The iron-based family has two major subclasses, the iron chalcogenide and pnictide superconductors. Among them, the iron selenide superconductors have been shown to display a highly tunable superconducting critical T_c and unique electronic properties in the normal state, thus providing a superior platform to investigate the underlying physics for iron-based superconductivity.

Superconductivity of FeSe-based compounds emerges from the edge‐sharing FeSe‐tetrahedra blocks, each formed by one iron-plane sandwiched between two selenium-planes. An important feature is that the superconducting T_c can be tuned in a wide range. The simplest binary FeSe shows bulk superconductivity at a lower T_c ∼ 9 K under ambient pressure [26]. It is notable that T_c can be boosted to tens of kelvin (30-50 K), by the applications of high pressure [27–33], charge-carrier injection [34], electrochemical etching [35], and chemical intercalation. The weak van der Waals bonding between the neighboring FeSe-blocks allows a variety of FeSe-based intercalates to be obtained, such as the atom-intercalated A_yFe_2-xSe₂ (A = alkali metal) [36–40], molecule-intercalated (Li_0.8Fe_0.2)OHFeSe [41], and atom/molecule-co-intercalated Li_x(C₅H₅N)_yFe_2-zSe₂ [42], A_x(NH₂)_y(NH₃)_1-yFe₂Se₂ [4344], A_x(NH₃)_yFe₂Se₂ [45–47] and A_x(C₂H₈N₂)_yFe₂Se₂ [48]. Moreover, the highest superconducting gap opening temperature (∼65 K) among all the iron-based superconductors has been observed in a monolayer FeSe grown on a SrTiO₃ substrate [4950]. On the other hand, distinct from most iron-based superconductor systems, FeSe does not order magnetically at ambient pressure, whereas a unique electronic nematic ordering has been observed to develop with a rotational-symmetry-breaking transition from a tetragonal to an orthorhombic phase at T_s ∼ 90 K [5152]. The electronic nematicity is directly related to a degeneracy lifting of the bands with Fe 3d_xz and 3d_yz orbital characters [53–55]. Compared to the Fermi-surface topology of the prototypal FeSe, in the molecule-intercalated (Li,Fe)OHFeSe single crystals, only the electron pockets near the Brillouin zone corners are observed, in absence of the hole pocket near the zone center [5657]. This raises question about a proposed pairing scenario of the electronic scatterings between the hole-like and electron-like pockets. Study of the FeSe-based superconductors is essential for a better understanding of the unconventional superconductivity.

To investigate the link between the unconventional superconductivity and unusual normal-state electronic properties, and the potential for the superconductivity application, high-quality single crystal and film samples are highly demanded. Recent years, we have been exploring soft-chemical methods suitable for synthesizing the FeSe-based superconductor single crystals and single-crystalline films hard to obtain by conventional high-temperature growth. By developing hydrothermal ion-exchange [58–60] and ion-deintercalation [6162] approaches, we have succeeded in synthesizing series of high-quality sizable single crystals of the intercalated (Li,Fe)OHFeSe and binary FeSe systems, respectively. Our further study [9] has shown a strong electronic two-dimensionality and a nearly linear extracted magnetic susceptibility in the hydrothermal high-T_c (42 K) (Li,Fe)OHFeSe single crystal, suggesting the presence of two-dimensional magnetic fluctuations in the normal state. In a series of the (Li, Fe)OHFeSe single crystals, a coexistence of antiferromagnetism with superconductivity has been detected [60]. We explain such coexistence by electronic phase separation, similar to the previously observed in high-T_c cuprates and iron arsenides. An electronic phase diagram is further established for (Li, Fe)OHFeSe system [6063]. In hydrothermal binary Fe_1−xSe single crystals, we have observed a field-induced two-fold rotational symmetry emerging below T_sn in angular-dependent magnetoresistance measurements, and a linear relationship between T_c and T_sn [6164]. Importantly, we find in our recent study [9] that the superconductivity of FeSe system emerges from the strongly correlated, hole-dominated Fe_1−xSe as the non-stoichiometry is reduced to x ∼ 5.3%. Interestingly, such an x threshold for superconductivity of the prototypal FeSe is similar to that (x ∼ 5% [65]) for high-T_c superconductivity of the intercalated (Li, Fe)OHFeSe sharing the common superconducting FeSe-blocks.

We have also successfully synthesized a series of high-quality single-crystalline films of (Li, Fe)OHFeSe system, by inventing a hydrothermal epitaxial film technique [161766]. We find that doping Mn into high-T_c (Li, Fe)OHFeSe films can raise the superconducting critical current density J_c by one order of magnitude to 0.32 MA/cm² at a high field of 33 T [17]. Such a high J_c value is the record so far among the iron-based superconductors, and is thus promising for high-field application of the superconductivity. Besides, our breakthrough in the crystal growth has greatly promoted other related studies and progresses have been made [57, 59, 60, 67–71], including the ARPES study of Fermi-surface topology [57] and the observation of pressure-induced second high-T_c (>50 K) phase [70] in the (Li,Fe)OHFeSe system. Our developed growth method has also been adopted in the studies of other research groups [56, 72–83].

Soft-Chemical Hydrothermal Growth Methods Developed for FeSe-Based Single Crystals and Films

The discovery of Li_0.8Fe_0.2OHFeSe (FeSe-11111) superconductor [41] brings new opportunity for the study of iron-based superconductivity. (Li, Fe)OHFeSe is free from the complications of the structural transition, associated with the electronic nematicity, and the chemical phase separation, related to the intergrown insulating K_0.8Fe_1.6Se₂ (KFS‐245 phase) [63], as compared to the prototypal FeSe-11 and K_1‐yFe_2‐xSe₂‐122 superconductors, respectively. Moreover, it shows an ambient-pressure high T_c = 42 K and a pressure-induced higher T_c > 50 K under 12.5 GPa [70]. Having a Fermi-surface topology [5657] similar to the high-T_c (>65 K) FeSe monolayer, (Li, Fe)OHFeSe system turns out to be an ideal platform for studying the superconducting and normal-state properties of high-T_c iron-based superconductors. Initially, only the powder samples of (Li, Fe)OHFeSe can be prepared hydrothermally [4163658485]. For in-depth investigations on the intrinsic and anisotropic physical properties, the high-quality single crystal and film samples are indispensable.

The crystal structure of (Li, Fe)OHFeSe consists of a stacking of one superconducting (SC) FeSe-block alternating with one insulating (Li, Fe)OH-block along the c-axis. The (Li, Fe)OHFeSe compound suffers an easy decomposition because of the inherent weak hydrogen bonding. Therefore, none of the conventional high-temperature methods is applicable to grow the single crystals. To overcome this problem, we have developed a soft-chemical hydrothermal ion-exchange method capable of producing high-quality sizable single crystals of (Li, Fe)OHFeSe [58]. Figure 1 schematically illustrates the hydrothermal ion-exchange process. For the hydrothermal ion-exchange reaction, large and high-quality K_0.8Fe_1.6Se₂ crystal is used as a kind of matrix. The structure of K_0.8Fe_1.6Se₂ is formed by an alternative stacking of K-layer and FeSe-tetrahedron-block similar to the target compound. The K ions in K_0.8Fe_1.6Se₂ are completely de-intercalated during the hydrothermal process. Simultaneously, the (Li, Fe)OH-blocks constructed by ions from the hydrothermal solution are intercalated into the matrix, and the ordered vacant Fe-sites (20% in amount) originally in the matrix Fe_0.8Se-blocks are almost occupied. A series of large and high-quality (Li, Fe)OHFeSe single crystals [60] are thus derived. The derived (Li, Fe)OHFeSe single crystal almost inherits the original shape of the matrix (insets of Figures 1B,C). Inspired by the successful hydrothermal ion-exchange method for the single crystals, we have further invented a hydrothermal epitaxial film technique to fabricate a series of high-quality single-crystalline films of un-doped [16, 66] and Mn-doped [17] (Li, Fe)OHFeSe, showing an optimal zero-resistivity T_c = 42.4 K. The high-quality (Li, Fe)OHFeSe films has enabled a systematic study of the superconducting and normal-state properties [66].

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Illustration of hydrothermal ion-exchange growth of (Li,Fe)OHFeSe crystals [58].

By modifying the hydrothermal reaction conditions, we have also developed a hydrothermal ion-deintercalation (HID) method, as illustrated in Figure 2. The atomic ratio of the FeSe-blocks can be continuously tuned by the HID process, yielding a series of non-stoichiometric Fe_1-xSe single crystals at various charge-doping levels [96162]. FeSe crystals used to be grown by chemical-vapor-transport [8687], flux-free floating-zone [88], and flux solution methods. These methods are hard to tune the chemical stoichiometry.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Scematic llutration of the hydrothermal ion-deintercalation method. During the HID process, Fe_1-xSe single crystals are derived from the readily obtainable phase-pure matrix single crystals of K_0.8Fe_1.6Se₂. The original interlayer K ions and Fe vacancies (20% in amount) in K_0.8Fe_1.6Se₂ were completely de-intercalated and substantially reduced, respectively, yielding the target single crystals of phase-pure Fe_1-xSe [96162].

Electronic and Superconducting Properties Studied in the Hydrothermal Single Crystals and Films

Now we briefly review our recent year’s studies of the series of FeSe-based single crystals and films grown by the hydrothermal methods.

Strong Electronic Two-Dimensionality in High-T_c (Li,Fe)OHFeSe Single Crystal

Figure 3A shows the temperature dependence of the in-plane resistivity, ρ_ab, for the high-T_c (42 K) (Li_0.84Fe_0.16)OHFe_0.98Se single crystal [58], which displays a metallic behavior over the whole measuring temperature range in the normal state. As a measure of the charge transport anisotropy, the ratio of the out-of-plane to in-plane resistivity, ρ_c/ρ_ab, was found to increase with lowering temperature and reach a high value of 2,500 at 50 K. It is obvious that the normal-state electronic property turns out to be highly two dimensional just above T_c. Shown in Figure 3C is the temperature dependence of static magnetic susceptibility, which is slightly dependent on the magnitude of the applied field. In the higher temperature range, all the data can be fitted to a modified Curie-Weiss law χ_m = χ₀ + χ_CW (the solid lines), where χ₀ is the Pauli paramagnetic contribution from itinerant charge carriers. A deviation from the Curie‐Weiss law is clearly visible below a characteristic T^* (∼ 120 K ) for a dip-like T‐dependence of the Hall coefficient (Figure 3B), coinciding with the upturn in Hall coefficient and the change in resistivity behavior. From the Hall‐dip T^* down to the superconducting T_c, both the extracted iron-plane magnetic susceptibility (with the Curie-Weiss term subtracted; inset of Figure 3C) and the in‐plane resistivity (inset of Figure 3A) exhibit a linear temperature dependence, suggesting the presence of two-dimensional antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations in the iron planes.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. The electrical transport and magnetic properties of (Li_0.84Fe_0.16)OHFe_0.98Se single crystal [58]. (A) The in-plane electric resistivity and the ratio of out-of-plane to in‐plane resistivity as functions of temperature. The inset shows the linear resistivity below the Hall-dip temperature T* down to T_c. (B) The temperature dependence of in-plane Hall coefficient shows a dip‐like feature around T* ∼120 K. (C) The temperature dependencies of static magnetic susceptibility under magnetic fields along c-axis. A deviation from the Curie‐Weiss law is clearly visible below the Hall‐dip temperature T*. After subtracting the Curie-Weiss term (the solid fitted curves) from the (Li_0.84Fe_0.16)OH-blocks, a nearly linear magnetic susceptibility from the FeSe-blocks is obvious (the inset).

Phase Diagram and Electronic Phase Separation of (Li,Fe)OHFeSe System

The first phase diagram of (Li, Fe)OHFeSe system [63] was based on the powder samples. In a subsequent work [60], we established a more complete phase diagram for the system (Figure 4), based on a series of the hydrothermal single crystals in the superconducting (SC) and non-superconducting regimes. In some of the SC samples (T_c < ∼38 K, cell parameter c < ∼9.27 Å), we observed a strong drop in the magnetization at an almost constant temperature scale T_afm ∼ 125 K (Figure 5C), indicating the occurrence of antiferromagnetism well above T_c. Our analysis of electron energy-loss spectroscopy combined with selected-area electron diffraction confirmed the absence of magnetic impurity phases such as Fe₃O₄ [60]. Therefore, the antiferromagnetic signal is intrinsic to (Li, Fe)OHFeSe system. Moreover, a positive correlation between the sizes of the antiferromagnetic signal and the Meissner signal was observed (Figures 5D). These experimental results demonstrate the coexistence of an antiferromagnetic state with the superconducting state in (Li, Fe)OHFeSe at T_c < ∼38 K and c < ∼9.27 Å. Such coexistence can be explained by electronic phase separation [60], similar to the cases of high-T_c cuprates and iron arsenides. Therefore the electronic phase diagram shown in Figure 4 provides more information about the electronic states in (Li, Fe)OHFeSe system.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. Electronic phase diagram of (Li,Fe)OHFeSe system [6063].

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. (A,B) Temperature dependence of static magnetic susceptibility near the superconducting transitions, for the two sets of superconducting (Li,Fe)OHFeSe single crystals. (C) Antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition at ∼125 K is detectable for the superconducting (Tc < ∼38 K) samples and non-superconducting samples. (D) The corresponding AFM signal size and the SC Meissner signal size are positively correlated (60).

The Link Between the Superconducting and Normal-State Properties in Fe_1−xSe Single Crystals

The in-plane angular-dependent magnetoresistance (AMR) in the normal state was measured for the hydrothermal Fe_1-xSe single crystals [64]. Figure 6 shows the AMR at a 9 T field for a representative sample with T_c = 7.6 K. The AMR displays a two-fold rotational symmetry emerging below a characteristic temperature T_sn ∼ 55 K. This anisotropy in AMR is enhanced with decreasing temperature (left panel of Figure 6). This enhancement in charge scatterings was also observed in the temperature-dependent magnetoresistance by an earlier study [89]. Moreover, a downward curvature starting below T_sn ∼ 55 K was observed in our sample in the static magnetization under an in-plane magnetic field of 0.1 T (Figure 7A) [61]. Such a feature is strongly dependent on the magnitude and direction of the applied field (Figures 7A vs 7B). This suggests that the strong quantum spin frustrations predominate in the iron planes. Although the orbital-nematic order associated with the structural transition at T_s ∼ 90 K is also of a two-fold rotational symmetry, the obvious downward feature of in-plane static magnetization below T_sn ∼ 55 K, which is far below T_s, suggests that the fourfold-rotational-symmetry breaking identified by our AMR measurements is closely related to the frustrated spins with anisotropic magnetic fluctuations. Therefore, a field-induced nematic state of a spin origin emerges below T_sn.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. Temperature dependences of the angular-dependent magnetoresistance of FeSe crystal (T_c = 7.6 K), showing the twofold rotational symmetry below T_sn ∼ 55 K [64].

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7. Temperature dependence of the static magnetization around T_sn under the in-plane and out-of-plane fields for the FeSe crystal shown in Figure 6 [61].

By summarizing all the data of our samples, we found a remarkable linear relationship between T_c and T_sn, as shown in Figure 8. Moreover, the related data of T_c and T_sn available from literature [89–91] also well satisfy this linear relationship. Namely, the linear relationship between superconducting T_c and characteristic T_sn of the field-induced spin-nematic state was observed to cover a wide range from far below to beyond T_s. This further suggests that the superconductivity is more likely related to the anisotropic magnetic fluctuations. These results of prototypal FeSe system are consistent with those of intercalated high-T_c (Li,Fe)OHFeSe presented above. It needs to be emphasized that, for nearly stoichiometric FeSe samples with a constant T_c ∼ 9.5 K, both the spin-nematic ordering and orbital-nematic ordering (associated with the structural transition) happen to coincide with each other at ∼90 K, as shown in Figure 8. So it is difficult to distinguish these different ordering states in such samples. Our samples with different T_c’s enable the disentanglement of the different states.

FIGURE 8

FIGURE 8. The universal linear relationship between the superconducting transition temperature (T_c) and the field‐induced spin-nematic ordering temperature (T_sn) among various FeSe samples (the solid symbols) [64]. The hollow symbols in the vertical blue-shaded area represent the structure phase transition temperatures by the x-ray or neutron diffractions on various FeSe samples of different Tc’s [30, 52, 55, 86, 92–94].

Most recently, we have studied the doping dependences of electronic correlation effect [9] and upper critical field behavior [62] in a series of hydrothermal Fe_1-xSe single crystals. Particularly in these binary Fe_1-xSe samples, the charge-doping level can be tuned simply by the non-stoichiometric x, from a strong electron dominance at x ∼ 0 to a strong hole dominance at higher x values. Importantly, we find that superconductivity of FeSe system emerges from the strongly correlated, hole-dominated Fe_1−xSe as the non-stoichiometry is reduced to x ∼ 5.3% [9]. Interestingly, such an x threshold for superconductivity of the prototypal FeSe is similar to that (x ∼ 5% [65]) for high-T_c superconductivity of the intercalated (Li, Fe)OHFeSe sharing the common superconducting FeSe-blocks.

High Superconducting Critical Parameters of Un-Doped and Mn-Doped (Li,Fe)OHFeSe Crystals and Films

Figure 9 shows the x-ray diffraction characterization of a representative (Li,Fe)OHFeSe film sample hydrothermally grown on LaAlO₃ substrate [16]. The observation of only (00l) reflections indicates a single preferred (001) orientation (Figure 9A). Shown in Figure 9B is the double-crystal x-ray rocking curve for the (006) Bragg reflection, with a small FWHM of 0.22°. To our knowledge, this is the best FWHM value observed so far among various iron-based superconductor crystals and films, indicating a high sample quality. The Ø-scan of (101) plane shown in Figure 9C exhibits four successive peaks with an equal interval of 90°, consistent with the C₄ symmetry of the (Li,Fe)OHFeSe film. These results clearly demonstrate an excellent in-plane orientation and epitaxial growth.

FIGURE 9

FIGURE 9. XRD characterizations of the (Li,Fe)OHFeSe film on the LaAlO₃ (LAO) substrate. (A) The two theta scan detects only (00l) peaks. (B) The rocking curve of (006) reflection with an FWHM of 0.22°. (C) The ϕ-scan of the (101) plane. The 4-fold symmetry reveals an excellent epitaxial growth [16].

High-quality superconducting films can play an important role in the application. Besides the high sample quality, the (Li,Fe)OHFeSe films also display excellent superconducting properties. The temperature dependence of in-plane resistivity is shown in Figure 10A, with a superconducting zero-resistivity temperature up to 42.4 K. Figure 10B is the temperature dependences of upper critical field H_c2 derived from systematic measurements of the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetoresistance. Based on WHH (Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg) model, the values of H_c2(0) are estimated as 79.5 and 443 T at magnetic fields perpendicular and parallel to the ab plane, respectively. Moreover, a large critical current density J_c > 0.5 MA/cm² was achieved at ∼20 K, as shown in Figure 10C. The high superconducting critical parameters are important for practical application. Additionally, as seen from Figure 11, the critical temperature T_c of (Li_0.84Fe_0.16)OHFe_0.98Se single crystal can be further raised up to a value >50 K under a pressure of 12.5 GPa in the superconducting phase II (SC-II) region. The SC-II phase develops with pressure at a critical P_c = 5 GPa, as the superconducting phase I (SC-I) is gradually suppressed.

FIGURE 10

FIGURE 10. High superconducting critical parameters for (Li,Fe)OHFeSe film. (A) Temperature dependence of in-plane resistivity, with the onset of zero resistivity at 42.4 K. (B) Temperature dependence of H_c2 along the c-axis (circle) and within the ab plane (square). (C) The temperature dependence of J_c, exceeding 0.5 MA/cm² at 20 K [16].

FIGURE 11

FIGURE 11. Temperature-pressure phase diagram of (Li_0.84Fe_0.16)OHFe_0.98Se single crystal [70]. Pressure-dependence of T_c and contour plot of the normal-state resistivity exponent α are shown up to 12.5 GPa.

Very recently, we have successfully doped Mn into (Li,Fe)OHFeSe films [17]. As seen from Figure 12A, the J_c value of high-T_c (Li,Fe)OHFeSe film is strongly enhanced by one order of magnitude, from the undoped 0.03 to Mn-doped 0.32 MA/cm² under 33 T at 5 K. The vortex pinning force density F_p monotonically increases with field up to 106 GN/m³, shown in Figure 12B. To the best of our knowledge, these values are the records so far among all the iron-based superconductors. Such a superconducting (Li,Fe)OHFeSe film is not only important for the fundamental research, but also promising for high-field application.

FIGURE 12

FIGURE 12. Magnetic field dependence of J_c(A) and F_p(B) of several superconductors [17], including Mn-doped and pure (Li,Fe)OHFeSe films at 5 K, SmFeAs(O,F) films [95], FeSe_0.5Te_0.5 films [96], P-doped BaFe₂As₂ films [97], and YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ wires [98] at 4.2 K under c-axis fields.

Conclusion

High-quality single crystals and single-crystalline films of iron-based superconductors play an important role in both the basic research and potential application. However, for the FeSe-based superconductor systems reviewed here, by the conventional high-temperature growth it is either hard to obtain the single crystals and films, or not easy to tune the electronic properties. These problems can be overcome by our recently developed soft-chemical hydrothermal growth methods, which are capable of producing the single crystals and films, and tuning the chemical stoichiometry thus the electronic properties. In addition, these methods may be applicable in other layered materials, providing a new route for the exploration of functional materials.

The successful crystal and film growth has enabled systematic studies of the FeSe-based superconductor systems. We have observed a strong electronic two-dimensionality towards T_c, and a nearly linear extracted magnetic susceptibility as well as a linear in‐plane resistivity both emerging below a Hall‐dip temperature T* (∼120 K), in high-T_c intercalated (Li,Fe)OHFeSe system. We have also observed a linear relationship between T_c and characteristic temperature T_sn of a field‐induced spin nematicity in prototypal FeSe system. These results suggest the presence of magnetic fluctuations in the iron planes and their relevance to superconductivity. Importantly, we have found that superconductivity of the prototypal FeSe emerges from the strongly correlated, hole-dominated Fe_1−xSe at a non-stoichiometric x similar to that for the high-T_c superconductivity of the FeSe-based intercalate of (Li, Fe)OHFeSe. An electronic phase diagram has been established for (Li, Fe)OHFeSe system, with the observed coexistence of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity explained by electronic phase separation. On the other hand, the high superconducting critical current density achieved in Mn-doped high-T_c (Li,Fe)OHFeSe film is promising for high-field application. These FeSe-based superconductor systems deserve further experimental and theoretical studies, in both aspects of the underlying physics and potential application.

Author Contributions

All authors contribute to the writing of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11834016 and 11888101), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0303003, 2016YFA0300300), and the Strategic Priority Research Program and Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDB25000000, QYZDY-SSW-SLH001).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We are very thankful to all our collaborators for their valuable scientific contributions in the past 6 years, especially Huaxue Zhou, Dongna Yuan, Yulong Huang, Yiyuan Mao, Shunli Ni, Jinpeng Tian, Dong Li, and Peipei Shen for sample preparation and characterization. We are also very grateful to Kui Jin, Jie Yuan, Wei Hu, and Zhongpei Feng for electrical transport measurements and insightful discussions; Jinguang Cheng and Jianping Sun for high-pressure research; Zian Li, Huaixin Yang, and Jianqi Li for TEM and EELS studies; Guangming Zhang and Zhenyu Zhang for theoretical support; Xingjiang Zhou and Lin Zhao for ARPES studies; Donglai Feng and Tong Zhang for STM studies; Li Pi, Chuanying Xi, Zhaosheng Wang, and J. Wosnitza for high-field studies; Rustem Khasanov, Zurab Guguchia, and Alex Amato for μSR studies. We also thank Ping Zheng, Shaokui Su, and Lihong Yang for technical supports.

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